599. The lactose-chloride contribution to the freezing-point depression of milk

1955 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 340-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Cole ◽  
M. Mead
Keyword(s):  
Freezing Point ◽  
Direct Determination ◽  
Freezing Point Depression ◽  
Made In

The contributions of lactose and chloride to the total freezing-point depression of milk have been measured by an incremental procedure. Successive additions of these substances to watered milk have enabled direct determination of the partial freezing-point depression to be made in a medium substantially the same as the original.

FREEZING POINT VALUES AND MILK SOLIDS-NOT-FAT CONTENT OF RETAIL MILK1

1961 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Henningson
Keyword(s):  
Freezing Point ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Freezing Point Depression ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
Added Water ◽  
Milk Solids ◽  
Area Data

Observed freezing point and milk solids-not-fat values were determined for approximately 400 retail samples. Most of these samples were systematically collected at monthly intervals over a calendar year from designated processing plants. The average observed freezing point value found was −0.529°C. The average MSNF value found was 8.88%. No relationship was expected, or found, between the observed freezing point value and the MSNF value of milks. The MSNF value did not assist in explaining high freezing point values or in confirming the presence of added water. It did prevent suspicion which could not be easily confirmed. A minimum freezing point depression standard, based on area data and administered in a manner similar to a minimum butterfat standard, appears to be the most feasible way of utilizing the cryoscopic method for the determination of added water in milk.

The Site of Formation of Hypotonic Urine in the Nephridium of Lumbricus

1949 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. RAMSAY
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Freezing Point Depression ◽  
Narrow Tube ◽  
Wide Tube ◽  
Different Parts

1. Methods for the collection of samples of urine from different parts of the nephridium of Lumbricus are described. 2. The osmotic pressures of these samples have been measured by determination of freezing-point depression and have been compared with the osmotic pressure of the medium surrounding the nephridium. 3. The results of this comparison indicate that the ability to form hypotonic urine is certainly present in the wide tube, is possibly present in the middle tube and is probably not present in the narrow tube. 4. The analogy between the nephridium and the vertebrate nephron is discussed.

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