Radiocarbon Measurements of Paper: A Forensic Case Study to Determine the Absolute Age of Paper in Documents and Works of Art

Radiocarbon ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 1553-1560 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Matthias Huels ◽  
Sabine Pensold ◽  
Enrico Pigorsch
Keyword(s):  
Tree Ring ◽  
Forensic Investigation ◽  
Paper Production ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
Forensic Case ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Absolute Age ◽  
Ring Fibers ◽  
Good Agreement

ABSTRACTIn a case study to assess the possibilities and limitations of determining the exact age of paper, we measured radiocarbon (14C) concentrations in bulk-paper cellulose and starch extracts from 20 known-age paper samples of the last 65 yr. As expected, 14C concentrations in single-seasonal grown starch extracts are in reasonably good agreement with post-bomb atmospheric 14C. In contrast, 14C concentrations in bulk-paper cellulose indicate apparent admixtures of tree-ring fibers spanning up to >50 yr. In a forensic investigation, combining 14C results from single-seasonal components like starch with those from long-lived fibers, could potentially enhance the precision of paper production-date estimates for samples made after 1955.

scholarly journals Conditions Involved in Dating Terrestrial Shells

Radiocarbon ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 545-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Evin ◽  
Joëlle Marechal ◽  
Christiane Pachiaudi ◽  
J J Puissegur
Keyword(s):  
Sample Selection ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Hard Water ◽  
Water Effect ◽  
Terrestrial Gastropods ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Continental Origin ◽  
Absolute Age ◽  
Good Agreement

Mollusks living only on ground surface can be expected to give the most reliable results in 14C dating from carbonates of continental origin. One may assume they have a homogeneous biotope and are not affected by any hard-water effect. In order to verify these assumptions and to test shells as routine dating material, results from terrestrial gastropods are compared with other 14C dates from classic biologic material, such as peat, charcoal, or bone, collected in the same archaeologic or geologic levels in miscellaneous places. Two sites were selected for which other chronologic data, such as prehistoric industries or malacologic diagrams were available.All results indicate older values for 14C shell dates. The discrepancy between “normal” and snail dates amounts to 300 to 1200 14C years and remains the same whatever the absolute age of the sample. All 13C values of perfectly cleaned shells are between —5 to —10%, versus PDB. The initial 14C content of shells that is too low may be different according to species, as suggested by 13C variations.Although fairly constant, this deviation of 14C ages generally makes such samples unreliable for most archaeologic studies, which often need more precise results. However, some measurements were performed on microfauna shells from several Würmian loess to show that dating of shells may be useful in fairly ancient geologic sediments for lack of better carbonaceous samples. Good agreement of some snail dates with expected sediment ages point to the importance of proper sample selection and pretreatment that might be checked by 13C measurements.

scholarly journals The Comparison of 14C Wiggle-Matching Results for the ‘Floating’ Tree-Ring Chronology of the Ulandryk-4 Burial Ground (Altai Mountains, Siberia)

Radiocarbon ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 943-948 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaroslav V Kuzmin ◽  
Igor Y Slusarenko ◽  
Irka Hajdas ◽  
Georges Bonani ◽  
J Andres Christen
Keyword(s):  
Tree Ring ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Burial Ground ◽  
Altai Mountains ◽  
Tree Ring Chronology ◽  
Cultural Complex ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Good Agreement

Two independent 14C data sets of 10 tree-ring samples from the longest master chronology of the Pazyryk cultural complex were obtained and wiggle-matched to the absolute timescale. The results show very good agreement, within 10–15 calendar yr. The Ulandryk-4 burial ground (mound 1) was dated to about 320–310 cal BC, and this is consistent with wiggle-matching of the Pazyryk burial ground date series.

Investigation of Sources of Errors in Abbe Vertical Metroscope for Absolute Length Measurement - A Case Study of the National Institute for Standards, Egypt

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 117-122
Author(s):  
Niveen Farid ◽  
Mohamed El Bahrawi
Keyword(s):  
Absolute Measurement ◽  
Optical Source ◽  
Measuring Devices ◽  
Ideal Contact ◽  
Absolute Length ◽  
Optical Alignment ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Laboratory Group ◽  
Good Agreement

Metrologists at the National Institute for Standards-NIS (Egypt) develop length measuring devices to provide reliable and less expensive metrological systems for accurate measurement. Length Laboratory Group investigates the sources of errors in the absolute measurement of length using the improved Abbe vertical metroscope. The investigation includes analyzing of errors induced by optical alignment, environment, and instrument. Errors due to environment and vibration are reduced by controlling the area in which the technique is placed. The instability in the readings caused by temperature fluctuations is handled by averaging 1000 points/sec. To ensure ideal contact between the probe of the comparator and the surface of the artifact, holographic technique is used in testing the uniformity of the probe at the area of contact. Other factors influencing the measurements such as material expansion of the artifact and optical source used in the measurement are considered in the uncertainty evaluation. The uncertainty in the absolute measurement of gauge block length of 80mm is found to be ±0.2µm. The results of measuring some pieces using the absolute method are in good agreement with the corresponding reference values given in their calibration certificate.

Alpha-Pyrrolidinopentiothiophenone (α-PVT): A forensic case study including plasma concentrations

2021 ◽  
Vol 321 ◽  
pp. 110721
Author(s):  
Liane D. Paul ◽  
Jessica Welter-Luedeke ◽  
Saskia Penzel ◽  
Anna Zangl ◽  
Matthias Graw
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Forensic Case

scholarly journals ABSOLUTE DENDROCHRONOLOGICAL SCALE FOR PINE (PINUS SYLVESTRIS L.) FROM UJŚCIE (NW POLAND), DATED USING RAPID ATMOSPHERIC 14C CHANGES

Radiocarbon ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Marek Krąpiec ◽  
Andrzej Rakowski ◽  
Jacek Pawlyta ◽  
Damian Wiktorowski ◽  
Monika Bolka
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Tree Ring ◽  
Tree Rings ◽  
Matching Method ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Absolute Age ◽  
Nw Poland

ABSTRACT Radiocarbon (14C) analyses are commonly used to determine the absolute age of floating tree-ring chronologies. At best, with the wiggle-matching method, a precision of 10 years could be achieved. For the early Middle Ages, this situation has been markedly improved by the discovery of rapid changes in atmospheric 14C concentrations in tree-rings dated to 774/775 and 993/994 AD. These high-resolution changes can be used to secure other floating tree-ring sequences to within 1-year accuracy. While a number of studies have used the 774 even to secure floating tree-ring sequences, the less abrupt 993 event has not been so well utilized. This study dates a floating pine chronology from Ujście in Wielkopolska (Greater Poland) (NW Poland), which covers the 10th century period and is critical for studies on the beginning of the Polish State to the calendar years 859–1085 AD using the changes in single year radiocarbon around 993/4 AD.

scholarly journals Quantifying the contribution of established risk factors to cardiovascular mortality differences between Russia and Norway

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergi Trias-Llimós ◽  
Lisa Pennells ◽  
Aage Tverdal ◽  
Alexander V. Kudryavtsev ◽  
Sofia Malyutina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Risk Factor Profile ◽  
Emerging Risk ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Absolute Age ◽  
Relative Differences ◽  
Mortality Rate Ratio ◽  
Cvd Mortality

AbstractSurprisingly few attempts have been made to quantify the simultaneous contribution of well-established risk factors to CVD mortality differences between countries. We aimed to develop and critically appraise an approach to doing so, applying it to the substantial CVD mortality gap between Russia and Norway using survey data in three cities and mortality risks from the Emerging Risk Factor Collaboration. We estimated the absolute and relative differences in CVD mortality at ages 40–69 years between countries attributable to the risk factors, under the counterfactual that the age- and sex-specific risk factor profile in Russia was as in Norway, and vice-versa. Under the counterfactual that Russia had the Norwegian risk factor profile, the absolute age-standardized CVD mortality gap would decline by 33.3% (95% CI 25.1–40.1) among men and 22.1% (10.4–31.3) among women. In relative terms, the mortality rate ratio (Russia/Norway) would decline from 9–10 to 7–8. Under the counterfactual that Norway had the Russian risk factor profile, the mortality gap reduced less. Well-established CVD risk factors account for a third of the male and around a quarter of the female CVD mortality gap between Russia and Norway. However, these estimates are based on widely held epidemiological assumptions that deserve further scrutiny.

Investigation of Heat Transfer for Shell-Tube Fuel-Cooled Heat Exchanger

2013 ◽  
Vol 378 ◽  
pp. 459-465
Author(s):  
Ya Guo Lu ◽  
Peng Fei Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Heat Exchanger ◽  
Relative Error ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Heat Transfer Characteristics ◽  
Shell Side ◽  
Transfer Characteristics ◽  
Aero Engine ◽  
The Absolute

A calculate method based on ε-NTU model for heat transfer characteristics of shell-tube fuel-cooled heat exchanger of aero-engine lubrication system was built. The heat convection coefficient was obtained by a dimensionless curve (Re~StPr2/3), which was detailed introduced as well. A case study was executed at last. The absolute error of the outlet lubrication of the tube side and the shell side between the value of calculation and experiment was less than ±10°C, and the relative error was less than 6.5%. The absolute error of the heat transferred between calculation and experiment was less than ±0.9kW, and the relative error was less than 7.4%. It indicates that the mothod is available for the investigation of heat transfer characteristics of shell-tube fuel-cooled heat exchanger.

Structural Analysis of an Offshore Jacket Model Under Seismic Excitation

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helder J. D. Correia ◽  
Anto´nio C. Mendes ◽  
Carlos A. F. S. Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Shaking Table ◽  
Seismic Excitation ◽  
Model Structure ◽  
Structural Members ◽  
Jacket Structures ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Nodal Displacements ◽  
Good Agreement

In the present work the action of earthquakes upon offshore jacket structures is analysed by means of ADINA software. Our case-study refers to an existing model structure, previously constructed at the Laboratory of Fluid Mechanics of UBI, which has been analysed from the hydrodynamic point of view — Mendes et al. [1, 2]. The seismic excitation will be imposed at the base of this model structure, with frequencies and amplitudes corresponding to actual earthquake conditions transposed to the model scale of 1:45. The FEM software is utilised to calculate the natural frequencies of the model and to obtain stresses at selected members, as well as their nodal displacements. Our purpose is to quantify maximum stresses occurring in critical structural members and to verify the survivability criterion. The predictions of the numerical model, in terms of the reaction forces at the base and acceleration at the top of the structure, are then correlated with the experimental measurements performed when the model structure is excited in an especially designed shaking table (Correia [3]), revealing a good agreement between both results.

Urey: to measure the absolute age of mars

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Randolph ◽  
J. Plescia ◽  
Y. Bar-Cohen ◽  
P. Bartlett ◽  
D. Bickler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Absolute ◽  
Absolute Age
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