scholarly journals Presidential Particularism and US Trade Politics

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth S. Lowande ◽  
Jeffery A. Jenkins ◽  
Andrew J. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Distributive Politics ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Trade Policies ◽  
Electoral Incentives ◽  
Trade Politics ◽  
Domestic Spending ◽  
Grant Allocation ◽  
To Receive

Research on presidential distributive politics focuses almost exclusively on federal domestic spending. Yet, presidential influence on public policy extends well-beyond grant allocation. Since the early 20th Century, for example, the president has had substantial discretion to adjust tariff schedules and non-tariff barriers “with the stroke of a pen.” These trade adjustments via presidential directive allow us to test the logic of presidential particularism in an area of policy understudied among presidency scholars. We examine unilateral adjustments to US trade policies between 1917 and 2006, with a detailed analysis of those made between 1986 and 2006, and find that presidents—in accordance with electoral incentives—strategically allocate trade protections to industries in politically valuable states. In general, states in which the president lacks a comfortable electoral majority are systematically more likely to receive protectionist unilateral orders. Overall, our results show that the president’s distributive imperative extends into the realm of foreign affairs, an arena in which the president has substantial authority to influence public policy.

scholarly journals Electoral incentives and distributive politics in young democracies: Evidence from Chile

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 102377
Author(s):  
Xabier Gainza ◽  
Felipe Livert ◽  
Raymundo Jesús Mogollón
Keyword(s):  
Distributive Politics ◽  
Electoral Incentives

Female Pilgrimage to the Middle East during Global Transformation, or How Lost Female Pilgrims in the Holy Land Fell in the Sphere of Soviet Interests

Istoriya ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8 (106)) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Nadezhda Belyakova
Keyword(s):  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Holy Land ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Religious Women ◽  
Marginal Group ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
To Receive

The research focuses on establishing and personifying the rather shady and marginal group of “Russian female pilgrims” that decided to stay in the Holy Land in 1910—1920’s and caught the attention of the Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs after the formation of the state of Israel. In our research, we are introducing previously unpublished documents that give us the opportunity to examine this marginal group of elderly, religious women, who unexpectedly became acting figures in the Soviet-Israeli diplomatic relations and the Soviet struggle for Russian property in Palestine. The interest of the Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs in attaining property that previously belonged to institutions and representatives of the Russian Empire in Palestine naturally sparked the USSR’s keen interest in Russian nuns and female pilgrims in the region. The condition under which these women were granted Soviet citizenship was the recognition of Patriarch Alexius I of Moscow, which in itself is an expression of the new role, played by the Russian Orthodox Church under Stalinist leadership in the international (namely — Middle Eastern) arena. In this research paper we will demonstrate the mechanism of discussion and decision-making within the Soviet institutions, which pertained to the granting of a special kind of citizenship, one that officially forbade the entrance to the USSR. Among the documents published is the list of the female pilgrims, who lived in the Holy Land in 1952 and who were willing to receive Soviet citizenship.

The Ismaili Tradition in Iran: 13th Century to the Present

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Beben
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Minority Community ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
To Receive

The Ismailis are a minority community of Shiʿi Muslims that first emerged in the 8th century. Iran has hosted one of the largest Ismaili communities since the earliest years of the movement and from 1095 to 1841 it served as the home of the Nizārī Ismaili imams. In 1256 the Ismaili headquarters at the fortress of Alamūt in northern Iran was captured by the Mongols and the Imam Rukn al-Dīn Khūrshāh was arrested and executed, opening a perilous new chapter in the history of the Ismailis in Iran. Generations of observers believed that the Ismailis had perished entirely in the course of the Mongol conquests. Beginning in the 19th century, research on the Ismailis began to slowly reveal the myriad ways in which they survived and even flourished in Iran and elsewhere into the post-Mongol era. However, scholarship on the Iranian Ismailis down to the early 20th century remained almost entirely dependent on non-Ismaili sources that were generally quite hostile toward their subject. The discovery of many previously unknown Ismaili texts beginning in the early 20th century offered prospects for a richer and more complete understanding of the tradition’s historical development. Yet despite this, the Ismaili tradition in the post-Mongol era continues to receive only a fraction of the scholarly attention given to earlier periods, and a number of sources produced by Ismaili communities in this period remain unexplored, offering valuable opportunities for future research.

Field experiments and public policy: festina lente

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
GLENN W. HARRISON
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Welfare Effects ◽  
Current State ◽  
To Receive

AbstractThe current state of the art in field experiments does not give me any confidence that we should be assuming that we have anything worth scaling, assuming we really care about the expected welfare of those about to receive the instant intervention. At the very least, we should be honest and explicit about the need for strong priors about the welfare effects of changes in averages of observables to warrant scaling. What we need is a healthy dose of theory and the implied econometrics.

9 The Foreign Act of State

1986 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mann F A
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Public Policy ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
The Law ◽  
Legal Character

Public policy dominates one of the most difficult and most perplexing topics which, in the field of foreign affairs, may face the municipal judge in England: the doctrine of the foreign act of State displays in every respect such uncertainty and confusion and rests on so slippery a basis that its application becomes a matter of speculation. It is, therefore, necessary to discuss the history and development of the doctrine in England and the United States; its present meaning and effect in England; its scope; its legal character and justification. It is shown that the implications of the doctrine in England and the United States of America are so interwoven that much attention will have to be given to the law in the latter country.

A Practical Approach to the New German Foreign Investment Regime – Lessons to be Learned from Merger Control

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 260-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Stork
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Review Process ◽  
Practical Approach ◽  
Critical Infrastructures ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Foreign Investors ◽  
Safe Harbour ◽  
Scope Of Application ◽  
To Receive

The author presents in this paper the new German foreign investment regime entered into force in the spring of 2009. He sets out the basic principles of the regime as well as its enforcement in practice. According to the new German foreign investment regime, the German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWi) may examine and prohibit purchases of German companies by foreign investors if they pose a severe threat to public policy or security. Certain transactions, however, fall within the “safe harbour” or are otherwise exempted so that the BMWi has no right of interference. The author presents several exemptions from the scope of application of the regime, which can be either identified from the wording of the law by reverse argument or derived from the spirit and purpose of the new foreign investment regime. Furthermore, by presenting the concept of so called “critical infrastructures”, the paper gives valuable guidance to practitioners on what the German administration might consider relevant for public policy or security. The last part of the paper summarizes the filing and the review process. The parties may, in order to receive clearance for their transaction, notify their transactions to the BMWi and receive a certificate of non-objection. While, this notification is wholly voluntary, parties who do not apply for clearance bear the risk that their transactions are blocked or unwound if the BMWi decides to investigate the transaction within three months from signing ex officio.

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