Hazards or Hassles The Effect of Sanctions on Leader Survival

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda A. Licht
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Economic Sanctions ◽  
Ex Ante ◽  
Leader Survival ◽  
Modest Effect

Recent empirical work scrutinizes the ability of economic sanctions to destabilize targeted leaders. Limitations in data and modeling choices, however, may have inflated estimates of sanctions’ efficacy. I propose a unified theoretical model, incorporating the possibility that leaders targeted with threats and imposed sanctions differ in baseline risks from those who are not. I combine this hazards approach with an empirical strategy to account for differences in ex ante risks and improved data on leader failure. This approach uncovers a considerably more modest effect. Sanctions rarely destabilize their targets.

scholarly journals Consumption Responses to In-Kind Transfers: Evidence from the Introduction of the Food Stamp Program

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 109-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilary W Hoynes ◽  
Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Food Stamps ◽  
Cash Income ◽  
Food Stamp Program ◽  
Difference In Difference ◽  
Food Expenditures ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Difference Methods ◽  
The Impact

Economists have strong theoretical predictions about how in-kind transfers, such as providing vouchers for food, impact consumption. Despite the prominence of the theory, there is little empirical work on responses to in-kind transfers, and most existing work fails to support the canonical theoretical model. We employ difference-in-difference methods to estimate the impact of program introduction on food spending. Consistent with predictions, we find that food stamps reduce out-of-pocket food spending and increase overall food expenditures. We also find that households are inframarginal and respond similarly to one dollar in cash income and one dollar in food stamps. (JEL D12, H23, I38)

Revisiting the relationship between unexpected inflation and output in the presence of indexation

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-261
Author(s):  
Pavlo Buryi ◽  
Ficawoyi Donou-Adonsou
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Purchasing Power ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Unanticipated Inflation ◽  
Unexpected Inflation

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the relationship between output and unanticipated inflation when wages are indexed for the loss of purchasing power. The authors argue that the monetary authority remains useful when firms that face rigid demand index wages to compensate for the loss of purchasing power, unlike Fischer (1977), who suggested that monetary policy loses effectiveness when firms index wages. Design/methodology/approach This paper develops a simple theoretical model followed by an empirical investigation of the relationship between output and unanticipated inflation in the presence of indexation. The theoretical model assumes a perfectly competitive firm that produces a final good that has no close substitutes using one factor, labor. The demand for the product is rigid. The empirical work considers quarterly US data from 1982Q1 to 2017Q1 and uses the Generalized Method of Moments in which endogenous variables are instrumented using their own lags. This paper further considers the period before and after the recent global financial crisis. Findings This paper shows that unexpected inflation decreases the growth rate of output in the USA. The decrease is quantitatively and qualitatively stronger before the financial crisis than after the crisis. This finding suggests that the Federal Reserve should maintain higher expectations of inflation and then surprise the public with lower inflation rates. The results further suggest that regardless of how expectations are formed, firms and workers agree on the nominal wage that is equal to the realized marginal revenue product of labor. Originality/value This paper sheds light on the behavior of the central bank and its relative ineffectiveness in light of the recent economic recession.

scholarly journals A theory of branched situational judgment tests and their applicant reactions

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 255-270
Author(s):  
Craig M. Reddock ◽  
Elena M. Auer ◽  
Richard N. Landers
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Face Validity ◽  
Common Language ◽  
Applicant Reactions ◽  
Situational Judgment ◽  
Situational Judgment Tests ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Qualitative Research Design ◽  
Final Theory

PurposeBranched situational judgment tests (BSJTs) are an increasingly common employee selection method, yet there is no theory and very little empirical work explaining the designs and impacts of branching. To encourage additional research on BSJTs, and to provide practitioners with a common language to describe their current and future practices, we sought to develop a theory of BSTJs.Design/methodology/approachGiven the absence of theory on branching, we utilized a ground theory qualitative research design, conducting interviews with 25 BSJT practitioner subject matter experts.FindingsOur final theory consists of three components: (1) a taxonomy of BSJT branching features (contingency, parallelism, convergence, and looping) and options within those features (which vary), (2) a causal theoretical model describing impacts of branching in general on applicant reactions via proximal effects on face validity, and (3) a causal theoretical model describing impacts on applicant reactions among branching designs via proximal effects on consistency of administration and opportunity to perform.Originality/valueOur work provides the first theoretical foundation on which future confirmatory research in the BSJT domain can be built. It also gives both researchers and practitioners a common language for describing branching features and their options. Finally, it reveals BSJTs as the results of a complex set of interrelated design features, discouraging the oversimplified contrasting of “branching” vs “not branching.”

scholarly journals The role of resources in recombinations and the degree of novelty of products

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 522-556
Author(s):  
Juan Pablo Camani
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Emerging Markets ◽  
Integrative Review ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Ex Ante ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Resource Characteristics ◽  
Novel Products

Objective of the study: To explain the characteristics and dynamics of resources and recombinations associated with developing products with low and high novelty.Methodology/Approach: The method was an integrative review of the literature on recombinant innovation. It included a creative synthesis that resulted in a theoretical model. Originality/Relevance: The research addresses topics the literature neglects, like explaining which resources and recombinations and why could relate to high or low product novelty.Main results: Certain features of resources (i.e., heterogeneity, specificity, accessibility) with high and low levels may differently influence costs, variety, and frequency of recombinations and, in turn, product novelty. To develop highly novel products, tangible resources, and internally produced new resources may be essential, as knowledge by itself may not be sufficient.Theoretical contributions: Different resource characteristics and their influence on recombinations may help explain whether a product will have low or high novelty. By going beyond the novel recombinations, the research expands the literature's understanding of recombinations and product novelty.Managerial contributions: Companies could assess ex ante which degree of product novelty besides types and costs of recombinations would result from their pools of resources. This assessment would make innovation more efficient for companies with fewer resources, like may occur in emerging markets.

scholarly journals TMT Diversity, Decision Quality and Service Sector Firm Performance: A Research Agenda

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatrice A. Oduor ◽  
James M. Kilika
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Firm Performance ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Decision Quality ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Future Research

This paper reviews the extant theoretical and empirical literatures on TMT Diversity, Decision Quality and firm performance in a service sector setting. The constructs are traced from their theoretical roots and their nature, characteristics and operational descriptions provided. The emerging gaps in knowledge emanating from the theoretical and empirical literature are summarized and a theoretical model linking the constructs proposed. The paper makes several propositions and calls on future research to develop data collection tools for measuring the constructs in the study in empirical work.

International institutions: weak commitments and costly signals

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa L. Martin
Keyword(s):  
World Trade ◽  
International Institutions ◽  
Institutional Design ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Costly Signaling ◽  
Weak Institutions ◽  
The World ◽  
Ex Ante ◽  
Costly Signals ◽  
Commitment Devices

As commitment devices, international institutions encourage cooperation by imposing costs on members who do not live up to their commitments. However, the costs that institutions can impose are limited, so that their commitment capacity is weak. Institutions can also impose costs as a condition of membership, allowing them to serve as costly signals. A model of weak commitment and costly signaling leads to a number of hypotheses about patterns of cooperation, institutional membership, and states’ preferences over institutional design. For example, existing members of an institution should impose higherex antecosts when a potential new member could either gain significant benefits from reneging on their commitments in the future, and when the new member expects to gain high benefits from future cooperation. These results are consistent with empirical work on institutions including peacekeeping and the World Trade Organization.

scholarly journals Advance Selling with Part Prepayment and Consumer Returns

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Yanhong Sun ◽  
Tana Siqin ◽  
Lifeng Mu
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Information Disclosure ◽  
Product Information ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Cross Effect ◽  
Advance Selling ◽  
Consumer Returns ◽  
Return Policy ◽  
Handling Cost ◽  
Ex Ante

Part prepayment scheme can induce more consumers to purchase the product in advance but may also lead to the increase in consumer returns. This study develops a two-period theoretical model to examine the interaction between the part prepayment scheme and the return policy and its effect on the retailer’s profit. Our analysis yields the following insights. First, part prepayment scheme can help the retailer to increase the demand without sacrificing the advance selling price. Second, the prepayment proportion and the consumers’ hassle cost of return have a negative cross effect on the retailer’s profit, which indicates that when the consumers are allowed to preorder the product with a relatively low proportion of prepayment, the retailer should impose more restrictions to increase the consumers’ hassle cost of return. Third, the prepayment proportion and the ex-ante product information perceived by consumers also have a negative cross effect on the retailer’s profit, which indicates that the retailer should consider the degree of product information disclosure when adopting the part prepayment scheme. We also extend the model to incorporate the retailer’s handling cost of consumer returns and find that it is beneficial for the retailer to require a full prepayment when the handling cost is relatively high.

Why “they” occupies the critical network positions?

2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chih-Hsing (Sam) Liu ◽  
Bernard Gan ◽  
Yucheng Eason Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Business Management ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Network Position ◽  
Knowledge Intensive ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to draw on social network theory to develop a new theoretical model to explain how experience and leadership influence critical network position. Broad analyses of the mediating role of leadership between experience and critical network position calls attention to the need to investigate the direct relationship between leadership and critical network position. Empirical examinations of the roles of leadership and experience within the social network context are lacking. The authors seeks to fill this gap by constructing a new theoretical model and testing it in the knowledge-intensive sector. Design/methodology/approach – The authors made 3,356 observations involving 427 faculty members in business and management departments in Taiwanese universities. To test the model, the authors performed two different regression models using the Baron and Kenny (1986) procedure and the Sobel test. Findings – The results that the authors obtained lead to three conclusions. First, scholars’ experience positively relates to leadership in grouping the followers toward the common goal and to their publications. Second, scholars’ leadership predicts occupying the critical network position, which, in turn, facilitates acquiring more information and resources. Third, experience relates to critical network position through influence on personal leadership. Research limitations/implications – Although the insights gained from the study are important in theoretical and empirical implications, this study has its limitations. The research examined the professional interaction networks of business management scholars of Taiwanese universities. Although the authors believe that the findings are generalizable to other fields of similar phenomena settings, there are also settings where the generalizability of the study is probably quite limited. Future research could study samples in other fields, such as biomedical research and chemical research, and samples in other knowledge-intensive industries. Practical implications – The results imply that managers can reap the benefits of their leadership either informal or informal organizations by occupying a critical position to control the flow of resources and information. In other words, the results indicate that leadership can be developed through experience. As well, leadership plays an important mediating role between experience and critical network positions. This may seem to contradict the evidence from research on network concepts and resources control, which primarily draws attention to leadership being a helpful quality for those in critical network positions. Originality/value – This research extends beyond previous studies that focussed on the value of critical network positions. Furthermore, the paper also examines how the relationship between prior relevant experience and leadership plays a role in academic network settings. To the authors’ knowledge, no studies explore this perspective. Finally, studies that examine the relationship between business management academic networks and different methodology used to measures the network position are few in number, and those that use such longitudinal empirical work are particularly lacking. This study addresses these issues.

scholarly journals Cultural Schemas: What They Are, How to Find Them, and What to Do Once You've Caught One

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrei Boutyline ◽  
Laura Soter
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Functional Properties ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Cognitive Mechanism ◽  
Cultural Schemas ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
High Level ◽  
Level Of Analysis

Cultural schemas are a central cognitive mechanism through which culture affects action. In this manuscript, we develop a theoretical model of cultural schemas that is better able to support empirical work, including inferential, sensitizing, and operational uses. We propose a multilevel framework centered on a high-level definition of cultural schemas that is sufficiently broad to capture its major sociological uses but still sufficiently narrow to identify a set of cognitive phenomena with key functional properties in common: cultural schemas are socially shared heuristic representations deployable in automatic cognition. We use this conception to elaborate the main theoretical properties of cultural schemas, and to provide clear criteria that distinguish them from other cultural or cognitive elements. We then propose a series of concrete tests empirical scholarship can use to determine if these properties apply. We also demonstrate how this approach can identify potentially faulty theoretical inferences present in existing work. Then, moving to a lower level of analysis, we elaborate how cultural schemas can be algorithmically conceptualized in terms of their building blocks. This leads us to recommend improvements to methods for measuring cultural schemas. We conclude by proposing fruitful sensitizing questions for future scholarship.

scholarly journals The Chilling Effects of Digital Dataveillance: A Theoretical Model and an Empirical Research Agenda

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 205395172110653
Author(s):  
Moritz Büchi ◽  
Noemi Festic ◽  
Michael Latzer
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Digital Media ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
Digital Communication ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Individual Autonomy ◽  
Communication Behavior ◽  
Institutional Practice ◽  
Micro Level

People's sense of being subject to digital dataveillance can cause them to restrict their digital communication behavior. Such a chilling effect is essentially a form of self-censorship in everyday digital media use with the attendant risks of undermining individual autonomy and well-being. This article combines the existing theoretical and limited empirical work on surveillance and chilling effects across fields with an analysis of novel data toward a research agenda. The institutional practice of dataveillance—the automated, continuous, and unspecific collection, retention, and analysis of digital traces—affects individual behavior. A mechanism-based causal model based on the theory of planned behavior is proposed for the micro level: An individual's increased sense of dataveillance causes their subjective probability assigned to negative outcomes of digital communication behavior to increase and attitudes toward this communication to become less favorable, ultimately decreasing the intention to engage in it. In aggregate and triggered through successive salience shocks such as data scandals, dataveillance is accordingly hypothesized to lower the baseline of free digital communication in a society through the chilling effects mechanism. From the developed theoretical model, a set of methodological consequences and questions for future studies are derived.

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