scholarly journals An Element of Risk: the Corrupt Contractor in Indian Fiction and Film, 1886–1983

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-126
Author(s):  
Alexander Bubb
Keyword(s):  
Rudyard Kipling ◽  
Colonial Literature ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Civilizing Mission ◽  
Indian Economy ◽  
Mahasweta Devi ◽  
British Rule ◽  
Crony Capitalism ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Ideal

AbstractFrom the 1960s to the 1990s, the corrupt building contractor was a stock-villain of Bombay cinema. He was, this article argues, emblematic of crony capitalism prior to the liberalization of the Indian economy. This filmic role was, however, foreshadowed by his depiction as cynical accomplice and profiteer of British rule in fiction of the early and mid-twentieth century. Furthermore, the figure’s ultimate origins lie in colonial literature, in which he is often identified as a threat to the British civilian community that nourished itself with the ideal of its disinterested civilizing mission. This article traces the genealogy of the contractor-as-villain in fiction and film, demonstrating a continuity of themes, and persistence of concerns, across the work of Rudyard Kipling, Flora Annie Steel, Premchand, R. K. Narayan, and Mahasweta Devi. Using historical sources to contextualize these texts, it will also suggest possible explanations for the ubiquity of contractors in the Indian economy.

scholarly journals When research met policy: a history of innovation and a complicated relationship in three Swedish development projects in mathematics education, 1960–2018

ZDM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Prytz
Keyword(s):  
Mathematics Education ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
School Governance ◽  
Development Projects ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Major Development ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Contemporary Development

AbstractThis paper concerns the relationship between research and governance policy in three Swedish major development projects in mathematics education: the New Math project (1960–1975), the PUMP project (1970–1980), and the Boost for Mathematics project in (2012–2016). All three projects were driven or financed by the Swedish central school authorities. Using a historical comparative method, this study deepens the understanding of how research co-exists with governance policy when preparing innovations in mathematics education. The main historical sources are official reports and governmental decisions concerning the three projects. The analysis is focused on the nature of the innovations of each project and the role of researchers in the process of creating the innovations. The analysis highlights the theories and the methods involved in those processes. The three projects are also positioned in a context of school governance policy. In Sweden, the prevailing school governing policy changed from a highly centralised governance in the 1960s to a highly decentralised governance in the 2010s. The paper concludes by discussing to what degree the researchers adhered to principles of research or school governance; in particular, the Boost for Mathematics project is considered in this regard. The relevance of the paper in relation to the emerging field of implementation research in mathematics education concerns how historical studies can give new insights about contemporary development projects in mathematics education.

scholarly journals ‘One Feels so Much in These Times!’ Emotional Education and the Construction of New Subjectivities: Sex Education Films in Early 1960s GDR

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja Laukötter
Keyword(s):  
Sex Education ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Socialist Society ◽  
New Man ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Pedagogical Function ◽  
The Ideal ◽  
Emotional Education

Shown in different formats—from cinema to television—in a variety of settings, this chapter outlines the role these films played in discourses on sex education in the GDR in the 1960s, which for their part were highly influenced by psychology and pedagogy. The article will argue that these films not only served the pedagogical function of teaching viewers about sexuality, but also aimed to (re-)produce the ideal of the ‘new man’ for a newly emerging socialist society that was to be founded on a new way of educating emotions. Since the education of youth was regarded a key issue for the construction of new selves, the medium of film with its special attractiveness for the young generation can be viewed as an instrument for forming new subjectivities.

scholarly journals Slaves’ dress between representation and materiality

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 221
Author(s):  
Isabela Cristina Suguimatsu
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Material Culture ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Culture Studies ◽  
Social Barriers ◽  
Descriptive Approach ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Ideal

Since the 1960s the focus of historical research about dress and clothing turned from a purely descriptive approach to a semiotic one: researches have started aiming at the representations and tried to understand the symbols behind the objects. Resting on the so called material culture studies, the objective of this article is to conceive dress no more subordinate to the dimension of the ideal meanings, but rather as materiality actively used in the process of signifying and making of social life. In the article I try to understand the role of dressing for “being a slave” in eighteenth-century Brazil: a society that valued ideals expressed in European fashion, but imposed social barriers for accessing them – for the slaves wear the materiality linked to such ideals. O vestuário dos escravos entre representação e materialidade Desde a década de 1960, os estudos sobre a indumentária e o vestuário passaram de uma abordagem puramente descritiva para outra baseada na semiótica: buscou-se atingir as representações e entender os símbolos por trás dos objetos. Com base nos chamados estudos da cultura material, o objetivo desse artigo é pensar o vestuário não mais subordinado à dimensão dos significados ideais, mas como materialidade ativamente usada no processo de significação e conformação da vida social. Para tanto, busca-se entender o papel do vestuário na constituição do “ser escravo” no Brasil oitocentista: em uma sociedade que valorizava ideais expressos na moda europeia, mas que criava barreiras para o acesso irrestrito a esses ideais e para o uso, pelos escravos, da materialidade a eles associada.

scholarly journals ‘With these exhibits many interesting things can be learned about past times’: Playmobil’s History Class – representations, reflections and expectations

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Barsch ◽  
Christian Mathis
Keyword(s):  
Critical Distance ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
History Teaching ◽  
Hands On ◽  
History Class ◽  
Hands On Learning ◽  
Children’S Views ◽  
International Research Project ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
The Ideal

In 2018, the toy manufacturer Playmobil launched a ‘History Class’ as an addition to its ‘Furnished School Building’. The materiality of this toy, and the selection of teaching media represented in coloured plastic (a blackboard with timeline, magnifying glass, parchment roll, stone axe, posters and other sources), convey an idea of history education based on hands-on learning, a variety of methods, original encounters and work with historical sources. This paper presents results of an international research project in which 12 children in Germany and Switzerland were interviewed with the help of this toy as a stimulus. The aim was to find out to what extent children are able to deconstruct the toy as a historical-cultural product. In addition, the interviews were intended to grasp the children’s views on the ideal teaching of history. The data are evaluated using grounded theory methodology. The results show that the pupils express clear wishes as to how history teaching should be structured. A critical distance to the toy was not taken.

scholarly journals Impacto económico de la minería en el Perú

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 6382-6402
Author(s):  
Jannyna Reto Gómez ◽  
Carlos Rios-Campos ◽  
Manuel Tiberio Valentín Puma ◽  
Yesenia Paulina Valentín Huanaco ◽  
Juan Alberto Avalos Hubeck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Mining Sector ◽  
Southern Peru ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Copper And Zinc ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Impacto Económico ◽  
Impact Of Mining

Objetivo: El siguiente estudio tuvo como objetivo principal describir el impacto económico de la minería en el Perú, desde 1960 hasta la actualidad. Método: El estudio que se ha ejercido es de clase descriptiva y correlacional no experimental, pues se ha recopilado información de distintas fuentes principalmente del MINEM, y distintas fuentes secundarias, lo que incluye también fuentes históricas para conocer la realidad del sector minero a través de las últimas seis décadas. Resultados: Se ha encontrado que los minerales, sobre todo el oro, el cobre y el zinc han sido los minerales más producidos, siendo el hierro el mineral más producido, seguido del cobre y el zinc. Además, que actualmente Latinoamérica, tiene grandes producciones de minerales. Además de que al analizar la empresa Southern Perú, se haya que ha obtenido una ganancia mayor a los US$ 7000 millones por la venta de minerales, cantidad que es mucho mayor a sus costos que no alcanzaban los S/. 3900 millones de soles.  Conclusiones: Se concluye que el impacto económico por parte del sector minero ha sido positivo, pues la aportación que ha tenido este en el PBI sobrepasa el 11% de este.   Objective: The following study had as its main objective to describe the economic impact of mining in Peru during the 1960s to the present. Method: The study that has been carried out is of a descriptive and non-experimental correlational class, since information has been collected from different sources, mainly the MINEM, and different secondary sources, which also includes historical sources to know the reality of the mining sector through the last six decades. Results: It has been found that minerals, especially gold, copper and zinc, have been the most produced minerals, iron being the most produced mineral, followed by copper and zinc. In addition, Latin America currently has large mineral productions. In addition to analyzing the Southern Peru company, it has been obtained a profit greater than US $ 7,000 million from the sale of minerals, an amount that is much higher than its costs that did not reach S /. 3.9 billion soles. Conclusions: It is concluded that the economic impact by the mining sector has been positive, since the contribution that this has had in the GDP exceeds 11% this.

scholarly journals Problems of Criticism of the Communist Poland’s Security Service (SB) Files as Historical Sources

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 561-580
Author(s):  
Bolesław Szewc
Keyword(s):  
Internal Control ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
Ethical Aspect ◽  
Historical Source ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Professional Careers ◽  
Security Service ◽  
The Ideal

Despite the passage of 20 years since the opening of the archives of the former SB, historians have not developed the principles of criticism of SB files as historical sources, which is conducive to the so-called playing with folders, and consequently the destruction of historical narrative and social life. Among researchers and publicists, an affirmative attitude towards the SB files has been created, causing their criticism to be ignored. Researchers ignore the requirement to separate the theoretical-ideological and rhetorical layers of SB operational files. They also neglect to study the credibility of their authors. Rafał Łatka gave a justification for the affirmative attitude to the SB files. It has been shown that this justification is logically erroneous, and the affirmative attitude to the SB files is contrary to the rational concept of the historical source and to the examples of the lack of credibility of these files. Several ways of creating questionnaires to examine the credibility of SB files were proposed. The first question that was proposed: Was the work of officers and their superiors in the field of interest to the researcher focused on efficiency or on the statistics of results? Further proposals suggest questions about the internal control of the case under investigation. It was justified that it is not enough to state the fact of registration of a given person by SB as a collaborator, because it is necessary to demonstrate specific cooperation. It was justified that the reliability of a note decreases exponentially as a function of the number of intermediaries between it and the facts. The need to ask about the intentions of the officers doing reports, which could be related to their professional careers, the expectations of superiors, the need to demonstrate results, etc., was indicated. The need to investigate deviations of the examined case from the ideal instructional pattern was also indicated. Studies of the reliability of files have their ethical aspect. Studies that may threaten good name of the persons concerned should meet the highest methodological standards and be guided by the principle of in dubio pro reo.

scholarly journals Forgotten Furniture Designers of the Khrushchev “Thaw” Era

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-143
Author(s):  
Artem Dezhurko
Keyword(s):  
Research Literature ◽  
Furniture Design ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Visual Material ◽  
Advice Literature ◽  
Decorative Art ◽  
Personal Archives ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 1960S

Summary: Few names could be found in the research literature on the Soviet furniture design of the 1950–60s. Neither they are present in the most important historical sources on the subject – the catalogues of all-Union furniture exhibitions, where, as a rule, the mention is made of design organizations that presented certain pieces of furniture to the exhibition, and not the designers themselves. The article offers a method of processing sources that makes it possible to solve this problem. The method is based on the systematization of visual material: numerous photographs of interiors published in the late 1950s and 1960s in various specialized Soviet editions – exhibition catalogues; magazines on architecture and decorative art; advice literature on furnishing a house aimed at a wider public. The article refers to 36 sources (books and articles) with several hundred illustrations. It has been established that the visual material in the advice literature considered consists almost entirely of shots of the four largest furniture exhibitions held in Moscow at the turn of the decade – displays in the mock-up models of the apartments at the Permanent All-Union Exhibition of Construction and Architecture, the Exhibition of All-Union Competition of Furniture for Single-Family Apartments (both 1958), the exhibition “Iskusstvo – v byt” [Art to the Household] and the Second All-Union Furniture Competition (both 1961). The view of one and the same fragment of the display (sometimes even the same picture) in the 1960s publications is reproduced repeatedly. In addition, some pieces of furniture were presented at several exhibitions. Thus, in the sources the images of same piece of furniture was often published many times. Having identified the item in the photos and collected information from various sources related to these images, we could often find evidence of authorship. In this way it is possible to stablish the names of many participants in the four exhibitions mentioned above. In the article they are indicated together with the names of participants of the All-Union Furniture Exhibition of 1956 found in its catalogue (the only exhibition catalogue providing the names of designers) – a total of 82 names. Many of these designers participated not in one, but in several of exhibitions mentioned (some – in all five), many of them were awarded prizes. The analysis of sources allowed, firstly, to identify the most “successful” Soviet furniture designers of the 1950–60s, and, secondly, to attribute to them many of the projects whose authorship previously had not been established. In particular, significant arrays of images associated with the names of Yuri Sluchevsky, Elena Orlova (Bocharova), Konstantin Blomerius (Moscow), Lygija Marija Stapulionienė (Vilnius), Irma Karakis (Kiev) were collected. Of the 82 names given in the article, most are not found in historiography. Their introduction to scientific circulation makes it possible to expand the pool of search for personal archives necessary for further research of Soviet furniture design.

scholarly journals THE HISTORY OF THE CREATION AND OPERATION OF THE TU-144 SUPERSONIC AIRLINER (according to memoir sources)

2020 ◽  
pp. 87-92
Author(s):  
Alsu Sh. Ayzatullova ◽  
Mikhail A. Sudakov
Keyword(s):  
Science And Technology ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
First Time ◽  
Design And Testing

For the first time, the history of the creation and operation of the Tu-144 airliner is investigated on the basis of the memoirs of aviation specialists. The development of an airliner has been studied taking into account the socio-political processes of the 1960s-1970s, and that left a serious imprint on the development of science and technology in this period. The specifics of the historical sources used, highlighting important aspects of the topic, are shown, and their criticism is carried out. The results of the analysis of memories that capture the key moments of the programme of the Soviet supersonic airliner are presented. A comparison was made of the opinions of the authors of memoirs on certain issues (the reasons for the creation of the airliner, problems in its design and testing, as well as the reasons for the completion of the programme). The differences in the assessments of the memoirists of certain aspects of the project are revealed. It is pointed out exactly what lessons can be learned from the project by contemporary Russian statesmen and aviation specialists

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