scholarly journals Estimating dispersal and evolutionary dynamics in diploporan blastozoans (Echinodermata) across the great Ordovician biodiversification event

Paleobiology ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Adriane R. Lam ◽  
Sarah L. Sheffield ◽  
Nicholas J. Matzke
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
R Package ◽  
Late Ordovician ◽  
Geochemical Data ◽  
Dispersal Patterns ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Climate Cooling ◽  
Stochastic Mapping ◽  
Dispersal Events

Abstract Echinoderms make up a substantial component of Ordovician marine invertebrates, yet their speciation and dispersal history as inferred within a rigorous phylogenetic and statistical framework is lacking. We use biogeographic stochastic mapping (BSM; implemented in the R package BioGeoBEARS) to infer ancestral area relationships and the number and type of dispersal events through the Ordovician for diploporan blastozoans and related species. The BSM analysis was divided into three time slices to analyze how dispersal paths changed before and during the great Ordovician biodiversification event (GOBE) and within the Late Ordovician mass extinction intervals. The best-fit biogeographic model incorporated jump dispersal, indicating this was an important speciation strategy. Reconstructed areas within the phylogeny indicate the first diploporan blastozoans likely originated within Baltica or Gondwana. Dispersal, jump dispersal, and sympatry dominated the BSM inference through the Ordovician, while dispersal paths varied in time. Long-distance dispersal events in the Early Ordovician indicate distance was not a significant predictor of dispersal, whereas increased dispersal events between Baltica and Laurentia are apparent during the GOBE, indicating these areas were important to blastozoan speciation. During the Late Ordovician, there is an increase in dispersal events among all paleocontinents. The drivers of dispersal are attributed to oceanic and epicontinental currents. Speciation events plotted against geochemical data indicate that blastozoans may not have responded to climate cooling events and other geochemical perturbations, but additional data will continue to shed light on the drivers of early Paleozoic blastozoan speciation and dispersal patterns.

Systematics, Biogeography, and Morphological Character Evolution of the Hemiepiphytic Subfamily Monsteroideae (Araceae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Zuluaga ◽  
Martin Llano ◽  
Ken Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
R Package ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
Seed Shape ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Tropics

The subfamily Monsteroideae (Araceae) is the third richest clade in the family, with ca. 369 described species and ca. 700 estimated. It comprises mostly hemiepiphytic or epiphytic plants restricted to the tropics, with three intercontinental disjunctions. Using a dataset representing all 12 genera in Monsteroideae (126 taxa), and five plastid and two nuclear markers, we studied the systematics and historical biogeography of the group. We found high support for the monophyly of the three major clades (Spathiphylleae sister to Heteropsis Kunth and Rhaphidophora Hassk. clades), and for six of the genera within Monsteroideae. However, we found low rates of variation in the DNA sequences used and a lack of molecular markers suitable for species-level phylogenies in the group. We also performed ancestral state reconstruction of some morphological characters traditionally used for genera delimitation. Only seed shape and size, number of seeds, number of locules, and presence of endosperm showed utility in the classification of genera in Monsteroideae. We estimated ancestral ranges using a dispersal-extinction-cladogenesis model as implemented in the R package BioGeoBEARS and found evidence for a Gondwanan origin of the clade. One tropical disjunction (Monstera Adans. sister to Amydrium Schott–Epipremnum Schott) was found to be the product of a previous Boreotropical distribution. Two other disjunctions are more recent and likely due to long-distance dispersal: Spathiphyllum Schott (with Holochlamys Engl. nested within) represents a dispersal from South America to the Pacific Islands in Southeast Asia, and Rhaphidophora represents a dispersal from Asia to Africa. Future studies based on stronger phylogenetic reconstructions and complete morphological datasets are needed to explore the details of speciation and migration within and among areas in Asia.

scholarly journals Global phylogeography of a pantropical mangrove genus Rhizophora

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Koji Takayama ◽  
Yoichi Tateishi ◽  
Tadashi Kajita
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Divergence Time ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
F1 Hybrid ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
Dated Phylogeny ◽  
Stochastic Mapping ◽  
Historical Scenario

AbstractRhizophora is a key genus for revealing the formation process of the pantropical distribution of mangroves. In this study, in order to fully understand the historical scenario of Rhizophora that achieved pantropical distribution, we conducted phylogeographic analyses based on nucleotide sequences of chloroplast and nuclear DNA as well as microsatellites for samples collected worldwide. Phylogenetic trees suggested the monophyly of each AEP and IWP lineages respectively except for R. samoensis and R. × selala. The divergence time between the two lineages was 10.6 million years ago on a dated phylogeny, and biogeographic stochastic mapping analyses supported these lineages separated following a vicariant event. These data suggested that the closure of the Tethys Seaway and the reduction in mangrove distribution followed by Mid-Miocene cooling were key factors that caused the linage diversification. Phylogeographic analyses also suggested the formation of the distinctive genetic structure at the AEP region across the American continents around Pliocene. Furthermore, long-distance trans-pacific dispersal occurred from the Pacific coast of American continents to the South Pacific and formed F1 hybrid, resulting in gene exchange between the IWP and AEP lineages after 11 million years of isolation. Considering the phylogeny and phylogeography with divergence time, a comprehensive picture of the historical scenario behind the pantropical distribution of Rhizophora is updated.

scholarly journals Genetic structure and dispersal patterns of the invasive psocid Liposcelis decolor (Pearman) in Australian grain storage systems

2010 ◽  
Vol 100 (5) ◽  
pp. 521-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.M. Mikac ◽  
N.N. FitzSimmons
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Isolation By Distance ◽  
Geographic Distance ◽  
Allelic Diversity ◽  
Mantel Test ◽  
Null Alleles ◽  
Dispersal Patterns ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Population Comparisons ◽  
Low Levels

AbstractMicrosatellite markers were used to investigate the genetic structure among invasive L. decolor populations from Australia and a single international population from Kansas, USA to determine patterns of dispersal. Six variable microsatellites displayed an average of 2.5–4.2 alleles per locus per population. Observed (HO) heterozygosity ranged from 0.12–0.65 per locus within populations; but, in 13 of 36 tests, HO was less than expected. Despite low levels of allelic diversity, genetic structure estimated as θ was significant for all pairwise comparisons between populations (θ=0.05–0.23). Due to suspected null alleles at four loci, ENA (excluding null alleles) corrected FST estimates were calculated overall and for pairwise population comparisons. The ENA-corrected FST values (0.02–0.10) revealed significant overall genetic structure, but none of the pairwise values were significantly different from zero. A Mantel test of isolation by distance indicated no relationship between genetic structure and geographic distance among all populations (r2=0.12, P=0.18) and for Australian populations only (r2=0.19, P=0.44), suggesting that IBD does not describe the pattern of gene flow among populations. This study supports a hypothesis of long distance dispersal by L. decolor at moderate to potentially high levels.

scholarly journals Animal movement drives variation in seed dispersal distance in a plant–animal network

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1894) ◽  
pp. 20182007 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Rehm ◽  
E. Fricke ◽  
J. Bender ◽  
J. Savidge ◽  
H. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Animal Movement ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Dispersal Distance ◽  
Dispersal Patterns ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Gut Passage ◽  
Dispersal Distances ◽  
Seed Dispersal Distance ◽  
Passage Times

Frugivores play differing roles in shaping dispersal patterns yet seed dispersal distance is rarely quantified across entire communities. We model seed dispersal distance using gut passage times and bird movement for the majority (39 interactions) of known bird–tree interactions on the island of Saipan to highlight differences in seed dispersal distances provided by the five avian frugivores. One bird species was found to be a seed predator rather than a disperser. The remaining four avian species dispersed seeds but differences in seed dispersal distance were largely driven by interspecific variation in bird movement rather than intraspecific variation in gut passage times. The median dispersal distance was at least 56 m for all species-specific combinations, indicating all species play a role in reducing high seed mortality under the parent tree. However, one species—the Micronesian Starling—performed 94% of dispersal events greater than 500 m, suggesting this species could be a key driver of long-distance dispersal services (e.g. linking populations, colonizing new areas). Assessing variation in dispersal patterns across this network highlights key sources of variation in seed dispersal distances and suggests which empirical approaches are sufficient for modelling how seed dispersal mutualisms affect populations and communities.

Round goby movement patterns in a non-navigable river

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-483
Author(s):  
Luděk Šlapanský ◽  
Michal Janáč ◽  
Kevin Roche ◽  
Pavel Jurajda
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Round Goby ◽  
Neogobius Melanostomus ◽  
Species Dispersal ◽  
Dispersal Patterns ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Movement Rates ◽  
Established Population ◽  
Future Management

Understanding non-native species dispersal is vital for their future management. The round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) has greatly extended its range since the 1990s, with commercial shipping being the main vector. However, our knowledge regarding their secondary dispersal from points of introduction is surprisingly limited. In this study, a series of field experiments were undertaken on a mid-sized river to assess goby dispersal patterns within an established population, following a simulated release of a large number of propagules, or at a simulated invasion front. Most of the established population remained stationary and just a few individuals undertook long-distance dispersal (principally upstream). Mean distance travelled was 1.1 m·day−1 (max. 29.6 m·day−1). While site fidelity appeared to last for most of the year (including winter), it was surprisingly relaxed during the spawning season. Concentrated release of a large number of propagules resulted in appreciably greater movement rates than in the established population, with upstream movement again dominating. In general, smaller, mostly male fish tended to move further and appeared as first colonizers in uninvaded areas.

Age and Origin of Deep Crustal Meta-igneous Xenoliths from the Scottish Midland Valley: Vestiges of an Early Palaeozoic Arc and ‘Newer Granite’ Magmatism

2019 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 1543-1574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eszter Badenszki ◽  
J Stephen Daly ◽  
Martin J Whitehouse ◽  
Andreas Kronz ◽  
Brian G J Upton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Late Ordovician ◽  
Geochemical Data ◽  
Arc Magmatism ◽  
Precambrian Basement ◽  
Zircon Dating ◽  
Magmatic Arc ◽  
Granite Magmatism ◽  
Early Palaeozoic ◽  
First Time ◽  
Rule Out

Abstract Deep crustal felsic xenoliths from classic Scottish Midland Valley localities, carried to the surface by Permo-Carboniferous magmatism, are shown for the first time to include metaigneous varieties with dioritic and tonalitic protoliths. Four hypotheses regarding their origin have been evaluated: (1) Precambrian basement; (2) Permo-Carboniferous underplating; (3) ‘Newer Granite’ magmatism; (4) Ordovician arc magmatism. U–Pb zircon dating results rule out the Precambrian basement and Permo-Carboniferous underplating hypotheses, but establish that the meta-igneous xenoliths represent both ‘Newer Granite’ and Ordovician (to possibly Silurian) arc magmatism. The metadiorite xenoliths are shown to have protolith ages of c. 415 Ma with εHft zircon values ranging from +0·1 to +11·1. These are interpreted to represent unexposed ‘Newer Granite’ plutons, based on age, mineralogical, isotopic and geochemical data. This shows that Devonian ‘Newer Granite’ magmatism had a greater impact on the Midland Valley and Southern Uplands crust than previously realized. Clinopyroxene–plagioclase–quartz barometry on the metadiorites from the east and west of the Midland Valley yielded a similar pressure range of c. 5–10 kbar, and a metadiorite from the east yielded a minimum two-feldspar temperature estimate of c. 793–816°C. These results indicate that the metadiorites once resided in the middle–lower crust. In contrast, two metatonalite xenoliths have a Late Ordovician protolith age (c. 453 Ma), with zircon εHft values of +7·8 to +9·0. These are interpreted as samples of a buried Late Ordovician magmatic arc situated within the Midland Valley. Inherited zircons with similar Late Ordovician ages and εHft=453 values (+1·6 to +10·8) are present in the metadiorites, suggesting that the Devonian ‘Newer Granites’ intruded within or through this Late Ordovician Midland Valley arc. A younger protolith age of c. 430 Ma from one of the metatonalites suggests that arc activity continued until Silurian times. This validates the long-standing ‘arc collision’ hypothesis for the development of the Caledonian Orogen. Based on U–Pb zircon dating, the metatonalite and metadiorite xenoliths have both experienced metamorphism between c. 400 and c. 391 Ma, probably linked to the Acadian Orogeny. An older phase of metamorphism at c. 411 Ma was possibly triggered by the combined effects of heating owing to the emplacement of the ‘Newer Granite’ plutons and the overthrusting of the Southern Uplands terrane onto the southern margin of the Midland Valley terrane.

Empirical Evidence of Long-Distance Dispersal in Miscanthus sinensis and Miscanthus × giganteus

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren D. Quinn ◽  
David P. Matlaga ◽  
J. Ryan Stewart ◽  
Adam S. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Miscanthus Sinensis ◽  
High Wind ◽  
Dispersal Patterns ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Bioenergy Grasses ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Miscanthus Giganteus ◽  
Prevailing Wind Direction ◽  
Wind Events ◽  
Dispersal Distances

AbstractMany perennial bioenergy grasses have the potential to escape cultivation and invade natural areas. We quantify dispersal, a key component in invasion, for two bioenergy candidates:Miscanthus sinensis and M. × giganteus. For each species, approximately 1 × 106 caryopses dispersed anemochorously from a point source into traps placed in annuli near the source (0.5 to 5 m; 1.6 to 16.4 ft) and in arcs (10 to 400 m) in the prevailing wind direction. For both species, most caryopses (95% for M. sinensis and 77% for M. × giganteus) were captured within 50 m of the source, but a small percentage (0.2 to 3%) were captured at 300 m and 400 m. Using a maximum-likelihood approach, we evaluated the degree of support in our empirical dispersal data for competing functions to describe seed-dispersal kernels. Fat-tailed functions (lognormal, Weibull, and gamma (Γ)) fit dispersal patterns best for both species overall, but because M. sinensis dispersal distances were significantly affected by wind speed, curves were also fit separately for dispersal distances in low, moderate, and high wind events. Wind speeds shifted the M. sinensis dispersal curve from a thin-tailed exponential function at low speeds to fat-tailed lognormal functions at moderate and high wind speeds. M. sinensis caryopses traveled farther in higher wind speeds (low, 30 m; moderate, 150 m; high, 400 m). Our results demonstrate the ability of Miscanthus caryopses to travel long distances and raise important implications for potential escape and invasion of fertile Miscanthus varieties from bioenergy cultivation.

A biogeographical analysis of the freshwater plants of Australasia

1996 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 169 ◽  
Author(s):  
SWL Jacobs ◽  
KL Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Long Distance Dispersal ◽  
Dispersal Patterns ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Climatic Zones ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Ordination Techniques ◽  
Aquatic Flora ◽  
Suitable Habitats ◽  
Freshwater Plants ◽  
Biogeographical Analysis

Patterns in the distribution of Australasian species of freshwater aquatic plants were sought, to determine whether vicariance, distance dispersal, local speciation, or a mixture of these could best explain the distribution. The distribution was recorded from 10 regions of Australasia that include sizeable areas of wetland: Papua New Guinea, Cape York Peninsula, south-east Queensland, eastern New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, New Zealand, northern Northern Territory, the Kimberley, and south-west Western Australia. Matrices of 553 species by 10 regions, 139 genera by 10 regions, and 56 families by 10 regions were analysed using hierarchical fusion, nearest neighbour and ordination techniques. The results indicate that there are two distinct elements in the aquatic flora, tropical and temperate. The diffuse boundary between these two climatic zones could be interpreted as a barrier in the sense used in definitions of vicariance. There is little effective spread between tropical and temperate areas but, within each of these climatic zones, the species are mobile and many spread reasonably readily between regions, provided suitable habitats and dispersal opportunities are available. Where geographic barriers to distance dispersal have been great then these may become as important as the climatic barrier. This is demonstrated, at least in part, by the differences between some of the generic and species dendrograms. Local speciation (not shown by our PATN analyses because of the endemic species being ignored in them) has been important where some primarily aquatic genera have proliferated when conditions have been suitable. Local speciation has occurred in cosmopolitan aquatic genera that have presumably arrived in regions via long distance dispersal. The significance of bird migration and dispersal patterns are discussed. The aquatic flora of the monsoon tropics has evolved mainly from long distance dispersal but with significant local speciation in some genera such as Nymphoides, Utricularia, Nymphaea and Vallisneria. The pattern of distribution was compared with those recorded from other ecologically defined groups such as the Australian arid and alpine floras.

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