Establishing social cooperation: The role of hubs and community structure

BARRY COOPER; ANDREW E. M. LEWIS-PYE; ANGSHENG LI; YICHENG PAN; XI YONG

doi:10.1017/nws.2018.3

Establishing social cooperation: The role of hubs and community structure

Network Science ◽

10.1017/nws.2018.3 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 251-264

Author(s):

BARRY COOPER ◽

ANDREW E. M. LEWIS-PYE ◽

ANGSHENG LI ◽

YICHENG PAN ◽

XI YONG

Keyword(s):

Community Structure ◽

Repeated Games ◽

Random Network ◽

Cooperative Behavior ◽

Structural Features ◽

Network Size ◽

The Social ◽

Emergence Of Cooperation ◽

High Degree

AbstractPrisoner's Dilemma (PD) games have become a well-established paradigm for studying the mechanisms by which cooperative behavior may evolve in societies consisting of selfish individuals. Recent research has focused on the effect of spatial and connectivity structure in promoting the emergence of cooperation in scenarios where individuals play games with their neighbors, using simple “memoryless” rules to decide their choice of strategy in repeated games. While heterogeneity and structural features such as clustering have been seen to lead to reasonable levels of cooperation in very restricted settings, no conditions on network structure have been established, which robustly ensure the emergence of cooperation in a manner that is not overly sensitive to parameters such as network size, average degree, or the initial proportion of cooperating individuals. Here, we consider a natural random network model, with parameters that allow us to vary the level of “community” structure in the network, as well as the number of high degree hub nodes. We investigate the effect of varying these structural features and show that, for appropriate choices of these parameters, cooperative behavior does now emerge in a truly robust fashion and to a previously unprecedented degree. The implication is that cooperation (as modelled here by PD games) can become the social norm in societal structures divided into smaller communities, and in which hub nodes provide the majority of inter-community connections.

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THE USE OF THE TRANSLATION METHOD IN MASTERING THE TERMS

10.36078/987654366 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 87-95

Keyword(s):

International Relations ◽

English Language ◽

Structural Features ◽

Point Of View ◽

General Classification ◽

Optimal Methods ◽

Foreign Companies ◽

The Social ◽

Problems Of Translation

The article is devoted to the role of Tourism terminology in linguistics and the issue of general classification, peculiarities in the expression and translation of terms related to tourism in English into Uzbek and Russian, as well as the choice of the most optimal methods for translating terms in accordance with the requirements of this professional sphere. The terminology of the English language tourism is distinguished by its brightness, versatility. Tourism terms are formed under the influence of a generalized lexical layer of language and perform a specific functional function.Tourism terms are formed through the affixation method (prefixation, suffixation, circumphixation) and get rich through the process.The terminology of English Tourism is distinguished by its content and structural features, forming a part of the language vocabulary from the linguistic point of view. Texts in the field of Tourism take into their composition concepts of Tourism and interpret them in their content. They will be mainly in the form of advertising, as well as enlighten information about a particular region or place, create informational precedents and ensure their manifestation in the social cultural presence. The relevance of the study of the problems of translation of terms in the field of tourism has been investigated, mainly due to the development of international relations, expansion of cooperation between local and foreign companies, as well as the increase in this area of communication.

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Australian English: Its Evolution and Current State

International Journal of Language Translation and Intercultural Communication ◽

10.12681/ijltic.11 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

pp. 75 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Peter Collins

Keyword(s):

Social Role ◽

Middle Eastern ◽

Structural Features ◽

External Pressure ◽

National Standard ◽

Font Size ◽

Current State ◽

The Social ◽

Australian English

This paper provides a critical overview of research on Australian English (‘AusE’), and of the vexing questions that the research has grappled with. These include: What is the historical explanation for the homogeneity of the Australian accent? Was it formed by the fi rst generation of native-born Australians in the ‘Sydney mixing bowl’, its spread subsequently facilitated by high population mobility? Or is the answer to be found in sociolinguistic reconstructions of the early colony suggesting that a uniform London English was transplanted to Australia in 1788 and that speakers of other dialects quickly adapted to it? How is Australia’s national identity embodied in its lexicon, and to what extent is it currently under the infl uence of external pressure from American English? What are the most distinctive structural features of AusE phonology, morphosyntax and discourse? To what extent do allegedly unique Australian features such as sentence-final but and yeah-no in discourse serve the social role of indexing ‘Australianness’? What is the nature and extent of variation – regional, social and ethnic – in contemporary AusE? Are such regional phonological differences as /æ/~/a/ variation increasing or diminishing? Does there exist a pan-ethnic variety of AusE that is particularly associated with younger Australians of second generation Middle Eastern and Mediterranean background? Has contemporary AusE consolidated its own norms as an independent national standard?

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Teaching Hatred

Learning to Live Together ◽

10.1093/oso/9780195157796.003.0009 ◽

2004 ◽

Author(s):

David A. Hamburg ◽

Beatrix A. Hamburg

Keyword(s):

Cooperative Behavior ◽

First Century ◽

Youth Movement ◽

Youth Groups ◽

Long Run ◽

The Social ◽

The Family ◽

The Creation ◽

Insight Into

We turn now to egregious examples of ways that education can be used to instill hatred, with the help of authoritarian states and fanatical leaders (either theological or secular) who shape children’s lives. There have been vivid examples of this throughout the twentieth century. The twenty-first century starts with the dramatic case of some Islamic fundamentalist schools that follow in this tradition of molding the lives of children for careers of hatred and violence.We describe these examples to provide a sharp contrast to the remainder of this book. Our fundamental aspiration is to inspire educators and leaders to embrace the important alternative role of education in fostering prosocial, empathic, and cooperative behavior—with insight into the destructive forces of human experience—that can provide the basis for a peaceful world in the long run. To be effective, we must address the obstacles to education in constructing such programs. Children can be brought up to hate, to condone killing, and even to participate in killing. That experiment has been done repeatedly. In the rest of this book, let us look briefly at examples of this destructive educational experience and then at the other side of the coin—learning to live together peacefully. The human capacity to shape child and adolescent development toward a pervasive culture of hatred and violence was vividly demonstrated by the Nazi experience. The his- torian Klaus Fischer writes on youth and education, and women and the family, in his book Nazi Germany—A New History. We begin with the origin of youth groups as a countercultural protest and move to the creation of the Hitler Youth movement and ways in which it exploited these relatively innocent youthful protests. Nazi education, its philosophy, and the creation of elite schools are described in terms of their attempt to shape the minds and bodies of boys toward devotion to the Führer and toward their future as Nazi leaders. Teachers, as well, were indoctrinated and obligated to behave in a prescribed manner toward the same end. The family, particularly the woman’s role in it, was seen as the social underpinning of society. The Nazi glorification of motherhood and the family was a means of creating more children to serve Hitler and the Nazi regime.

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The Ubaid Period In The Urbanisation Process; The Birth Of Urbanism In The Near East (5500-3800 B.C.)

Belleten ◽

10.37879/belleten.2008.395 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 72 (264) ◽

pp. 395-412

Author(s):

Alev Erarslan

Keyword(s):

Crucial Role ◽

Structural Changes ◽

Social Economic ◽

Near East ◽

Technological Development ◽

Complex Societies ◽

The Social ◽

Process Of Urbanization ◽

High Degree

The Ubaid culture, which takes its name from Tell-al Ubaid, plays a crucial role in the process of urbanization in the Near East. Surviving for more than 1500 years (5500-3800 BC), it was characterised by important social, economic and political developments which influenced the development of urban polities both the Near East and the East and Southeastern Anatolia Regions. With this culture, certain radical structural changes peculiar to complex societies, urban societies, such as political and economic centralisation based on control over product, production and labor organisation with sealing practices, socio-economic differences, a high degree of economic specialisation and technological development, indicate that a complex economy, and organised trade had begun to take place in the social, political and economical organisations of the societies of the Near East. This paper is concerned with enlightening the role of the Ubaid Culture in the development of urban societies in the Near East. With this aim, this culture will be analyzed from the viewpoint of those characteristics peculiar to urban societies mentioned above.

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A Proposed Educational Vision For Activating The Role of The Jordanian Universities Students Families In Enhancing Students Intellectual Security From The Students Perspectives

European Scientific Journal ESJ ◽

10.19044/esj.2016.v12n16p105 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 12 (16) ◽

pp. 105

Author(s):

Khloud Falah Ahmad Rahamneh ◽

Mohammed Amin Hamed Al- Qudah

Keyword(s):

Analytical Approach ◽

Basic Function ◽

Early Age ◽

Educational Vision ◽

The Social ◽

Cultural Domain ◽

The Right ◽

The University ◽

High Degree

This study aimed to find out the role of the Jordanian families in establishing intellectual security in their children from the perspective of the Jordanian students enrolled in Jordanian universities. For this purpose, a questionnaire of 36 paragraphs was created. The questionnaire was divided into three domains: the social, the cultural and the religious domains. The study was conducted on a random sample of (2700) students from three public universities (the University of Jordan, Yarmouk University, Moa'ta University and Al-Balqa' Applied University) and three private universities (Amman Al-Ahliah, Azzaytouna al-Ordiniah and Jerash). The study was conducted during the second university term of 2015/2016 CE. The descriptive analytical approach was used. The study showed that the three domains (social, cultural and religious) were of high degree. The highest of them was the cultural domain. The two paragraphs which state (the family's quest to build a cultural system emerging from our religion, values, traditions and customs, consolidating the values of the theoretical and practical dimensions of moderation among children) occupied the first rank, followed by the social domain. The paragraph which states that (The family's doing its basic function of education and socialization) occupied the first rank, whereas the religious domain occupied the last one. The paragraph which states (The family's seeking to form the right belief at an early age) occupied the first rank.

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Hunter-gatherers maintain assortativity in cooperation despite high-levels of residential change and mixing

10.1101/313064 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Kristopher M. Smith ◽

Tomás Larroucau ◽

Ibrahim A. Mabulla ◽

Coren L. Apicella

Keyword(s):

Genetic Relatedness ◽

Cooperative Behavior ◽

High Mobility ◽

Social Contexts ◽

Evolution Of Cooperation ◽

Hunter Gatherers ◽

Nation States ◽

The Social ◽

Adaptive Nature

SUMMARYWidespread cooperation is a defining feature of human societies from hunter-gatherer bands to nation states. But explaining its evolution remains a challenge. While positive assortment – of cooperators with cooperators – is recognized as a basic requirement for the evolution of cooperation, the mechanisms governing assortment are debated. Moreover, the social structure of modern hunter-gatherers, characterized by high mobility, residential mixing and low genetic relatedness, undermine assortment and add to the puzzle of how cooperation evolved. Here, we analyze four years of data (2010, 2013, 2014, 2016) tracking residence and levels of cooperation elicited from a public goods game (PG), in Hadza hunter-gatherers of Tanzania. Data were collected from 56 camps, comprising 383 unique individuals, 137 of whom we have data for two or more years. Despite significant residential mixing, we observe a robust pattern of assortment necessary for cooperation to evolve: In every year, Hadza camps exhibit high between-camp and low within-camp variation in cooperation. We further consider the role of homophily in generating this assortment. We find little evidence that cooperative behavior within individuals is stable over time or that similarity in cooperation between dyads predicts their future cohabitation. Both sets of findings are inconsistent with homophilic models that assume stable cooperative and selfish types. Consistent with social norms, culture and reciprocity theories, the data suggest that the strongest predictor of an individual’s level of cooperation in any given year is the mean cooperation of their campmates in that year. These findings underscore the adaptive nature of human cooperation – particularly its responsiveness to social contexts – as a feature important in generating the assortment necessary for cooperation to evolve.

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The managerial position in a Swedish municipal organization: Possibilities and limitations

Economic and Industrial Democracy ◽

10.1177/0143831x16639656 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 39 (3) ◽

pp. 500-535 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Gunilla Albinsson ◽

Kerstin Arnesson

Keyword(s):

Empirical Data ◽

Value Systems ◽

Research Approach ◽

Substantive Theory ◽

Organizational Conditions ◽

The Social ◽

Managerial Task ◽

Societal Level ◽

High Degree

The purpose of this article is to explore how a group of managers construct their reality, more specifically what it means to work as a manager in a municipal organization. The empirical data for the study were obtained from a Swedish medium-sized municipality and the study takes as its research approach grounded theory, as developed by Glaser and Strauss. Consequently, the empirical data formed the basis for the research, which takes a multi-methodical and theory-generating approach. The methods used in the study include the use of a questionnaire study, interviews in focus groups, observations, reflective work diaries, and the creation of feedback sessions. The result shows that the managers work in an organization where conflicting and competing value systems act together. These can be interpreted as environmental factors and external bounds on a structural societal level, which cannot be influenced. A point of analysis is that these factors and external bounds to a high degree permeate the manager’s workday and can therefore be seen as a plausible explanation for the boundless nature of the managerial task. For most of the managers of the study, this was expressed as uncertainty as to how to define and interpret goals and as to what the managerial role includes with regard to areas of responsibility. It is interesting to ask, however, whether these conditions are not characteristic of the role of managers and work life in general. The results also show that the substantive theory of the study was not judged to be valid for the municipal companies. These managers do not express as ambivalent an approach to competing value systems as the managers in other sections of the municipality do. Nor do they appear to question their professional knowledge, the work content or managership. Another empirical important finding is that the managers believe that the organizational conditions limit ability to carry out the manager task, but that, despite this, they indicate, paradoxically, that they like their work and the social work environment.

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Europe: Camp Epidemics

War Epidemics ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198233640.003.0019 ◽

2004 ◽

Author(s):

Matthew Smallman-Raynor ◽

Andrew Cliff

Keyword(s):

Infectious Diseases ◽

The United States ◽

Concentration Camps ◽

Prisoner Of War ◽

Population Mixing ◽

The Social ◽

European Theatre ◽

High Degree ◽

The Military

One recurring theme of the previous chapter was the role of military assembly and training camps as sites for explosive outbreaks of infectious diseases during periods of wartime mobilization. Historically, however, the general problem of camp epidemics has extended beyond the initial massing of unseasoned recruits in barrack and tent camps on home soil to include the field camps, siege camps, and bivouacs of deployed armies, as well as temporary and makeshift military settlements such as prisoner of war (POW) and concentration camps. In this chapter, we examine the broader issue of camp epidemics (Theme 2 in Table III.A) with reference to sample wars in the European theatre. The social, physical, and environmental conditions that fuelled the spread of diseases in the military encampments of past wars, and which remain a potent threat in modern conflicts, are well known (Prinzing, 1916; Major, 1940; Bayne-Jones, 1968; Cantlie, 1974; Shepherd, 1991). As illustrated in Chapter 7 by the mobilization camps of the United States, military encampments of all kinds—often hastily erected and densely populated—provide a setting for intense population mixing, thereby increasing the likelihood of the transmission of infectious diseases. The epidemiological hazard is exacerbated by the injudicious selection of campsites and by the deleterious consequences of overcrowding, inadequate or non-existent drainage and sewerage systems, poor or contaminated water supplies, and by the failure to institute or to maintain rigid sanitary precautions. As for the occupants, they may be drawn from a variety of epidemiological backgrounds, they may possess different patterns of disease immunity, and their resistance to infection may be compromised by fatigue, trauma, mental and physical stress, exposure to the elements, and poor or inadequate diets. That there is often a high degree of spatial mobility between the constituent units of a camp system adds a powerful geographical component to the spread of camp epidemics. Against this background, the case studies presented in this chapter have been selected to illustrate different aspects of the geographical spread of camp epidemics.

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A Deep Content-Based Model for Persian Rumor Verification

ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing ◽

10.1145/3487289 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 1-29

Author(s):

Zoleikha Jahanbakhsh-Nagadeh ◽

Mohammad-Reza Feizi-Derakhshi ◽

Arash Sharifi

Keyword(s):

Early Stage ◽

Structural Features ◽

Proposed Model ◽

The Social ◽

Rich Information ◽

The Rich ◽

Real World Datasets ◽

Rumor Detection ◽

Content Information

During the development of social media, there has been a transformation in social communication. Despite their positive applications in social interactions and news spread, it also provides an ideal platform for spreading rumors. Rumors can endanger the security of society in normal or critical situations. Therefore, it is important to detect and verify the rumors in the early stage of their spreading. Many research works have focused on social attributes in the social network to solve the problem of rumor detection and verification, while less attention has been paid to content features. The social and structural features of rumors develop over time and are not available in the early stage of rumor. Therefore, this study presented a content-based model to verify the Persian rumors on Twitter and Telegram early. The proposed model demonstrates the important role of content in spreading rumors and generates a better-integrated representation for each source rumor document by fusing its semantic, pragmatic, and syntactic information. First, contextual word embeddings of the source rumor are generated by a hybrid model based on ParsBERT and parallel CapsNets. Then, pragmatic and syntactic features of the rumor are extracted and concatenated with embeddings to capture the rich information for rumor verification. Experimental results on real-world datasets demonstrated that the proposed model significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art models in the early rumor verification task. Also, it can enhance the performance of the classifier from 2% to 11% on Twitter and from 5% to 23% on Telegram. These results validate the model's effectiveness when limited content information is available.

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SOCIAL DYNAMICS AND COOPERATION: THE CASE OF NONHUMAN PRIMATES AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR HUMAN BEHAVIOR

Advances in Complex Systems ◽

10.1142/s021952591250066x ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 15 (supp01) ◽

pp. 1250066 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

KATHERINE A. CRONIN ◽

ANGEL SÁNCHEZ

Keyword(s):

Social Environment ◽

Dominance Hierarchy ◽

Social Dynamics ◽

Cooperative Behavior ◽

Natural World ◽

Primate Species ◽

Social Tolerance ◽

Evolutionary Time ◽

The Social ◽

Emergence Of Cooperation

The social factors that influence cooperation have remained largely uninvestigated but have the potential to explain much of the variation in cooperative behavior observed in the natural world. We show here that certain dimensions of the social environment, namely the size of the social group, the degree of social tolerance expressed, the structure of the dominance hierarchy, and the patterns of dispersal, may influence the emergence and stability of cooperation in predictable ways. Furthermore, the social environment experienced by a species over evolutionary time will have shaped their cognition to provide certain strengths and strategies that are beneficial in their species' social world. These cognitive adaptations will in turn impact the likelihood of cooperating in a given social environment. Experiments with one primate species, the cottontop tamarin, illustrate how social dynamics may influence emergence and stability of cooperative behavior in this species. We then take a more general viewpoint and argue that the hypotheses presented here require further experimental work and the addition of quantitative modeling to obtain a better understanding of how social dynamics influence the emergence and stability of cooperative behavior in complex systems. We conclude by pointing out subsequent specific directions for models and experiments that will allow relevant advances in the understanding of the emergence of cooperation.

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