COVID-19 IMPACTS ON DESTITUTION IN THE UK

2020 ◽  
Vol 253 ◽  
pp. R77-R85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnab Bhattacharjee ◽  
Elena Lisauskaite
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Aggregate Level ◽  
Multiple Impacts ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Unemployed ◽  
Very High

We use microsimulation combined with a model of the COVID-19 impacts on individuals and households to obtain projections of households in destitution in the United Kingdom. The projections are estimated at two levels: aggregate quarterly for the UK, for all quarters of 2020; and annual for 2020 differentiated by region, sector and household demographics. At the aggregate level, destitution is projected to be about three times higher than the non-COVID counterfactual level in 2020Q2, as well as substantially higher than the non-COVID case for the remainder of the year. This increased destitution is initially largely due to the effect on the self-employed, and as the Furlough scheme is drawn down, also on the unemployed. Impacts upon different regions and sectors vary widely, and so do variations across different household types. The sectors particularly affected are construction and manufacturing, while London and its closely connected regions (South East and the Midlands) are most severely affected. Single adult households suffer the most, and the adverse effects increase with number of children in the household. That the effects upon youth remain high is a particularly worrying sign, and very high increases in destitution are also projected for 25–54 year olds and the elderly (75 years and older). Further, severe adverse effects are projected for sections of society and the economy where multiple impacts are coincident. Robust and sustained mitigation measures are therefore required.

scholarly journals Practical Considerations for Implementing Species Distribution Essential Biodiversity Variables

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Boyd ◽  
Nick Isaac ◽  
Robert Cooke ◽  
Francesca Mancini ◽  
Tom August ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Distribution ◽  
Biodiversity Indicators ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Occupancy Detection ◽  
Essential Biodiversity Variables ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Species Occupancy ◽  
Very High ◽  
The Ideal

Species Distribution Essential Biodiversity Variables (SD EBVs; Pereira et al. 2013, Kissling et al. 2017, Jetz et al. 2019) are defined as measurements or estimates of species’ occupancy along the axes of space, time and taxonomy. In the “ideal” case, additional stipulations have been proposed: occupancy should be characterized contiguously along each axis at grain sizes relevant to policy and process (i.e., fine scale); and the SD EBV should be global in extent, or at least span the entirety of the focal taxa’s geographical range (Jetz et al. 2019). These stipulations set the bar very high and, unsurprisingly, most operational SD EBVs fall short of these ideal criteria. In this presentation, I will discuss the major challenges associated with developing the idealized SD EBV. I will demonstrate these challenges using an operational SD EBV spanning ~6000 species in the United Kingdom (UK) over the period 1970 to 2019 as a case study (Outhwaite et al. 2019). In short, this data product comprises annual estimates of occupancy for each species in all sampled 1 km cells across the UK; these are derived from opportunistically-collected species occurrence data using occupancy-detection models (Kéry et al. 2010). Having discussed which of the “ideal” criteria the case study satisfies, I will then touch on what are, in my view, two underappreciated challenges when constructing SD EBVs: dealing with sampling biases in the underlying data and the difficulty in evaluating the extent to which they bias the final product. These challenges should be addressed as a matter of urgency, as SD EBVs are increasingly applied in important settings such as underpinning national and international biodiversity indicators (see e.g., https://geobon.org/ebvs/indicators/).

scholarly journals Heterogeneous Mental Health Development During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United Kingdom

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lea Ellwardt ◽  
Patrick Praeg
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Social Lives ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Uk

Aim. The COVID-19 pandemic and the mitigation measures by governments have upended the economic and social lives of many, leading to widespread psychological distress. However, how distress developed during the pandemic and who was most affected is poorly understood. We explore heterogeneity in trajectories of psychological distress during the first six months of the pandemic in the United Kingdom and relate this heterogeneity to socio-demographic and health factors. Subjects and Methods. We analyze six waves of longitudinal, nationally representative survey data from the UK Household Longitudinal Study (N = 15,218), covering the first lockdown in 2020. First, latent class mixture modelling (LCCM) is used to identify trajectories of psychological distress. Second, associations of the trajectories with covariates are tested with multinomial logistic regressions. Results. We find four different trajectories of distress: continuously low, continuously moderate, temporarily elevated, and continuously elevated distress. One-fifth of the population experienced severely elevated risks of distress. Long-term exposure was highest among younger people, women, those who lost income, and those with previous health conditions or COVID-19 symptoms. Conclusion. Given the threat of persistent stress on health, policy measures should be sensitized to the unintended yet far-reaching consequences of non-pharmaceutical interventions.

scholarly journals Camberwell Assessment of Need for the Elderly (CANE)

2000 ◽  
Vol 176 (5) ◽  
pp. 444-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Reynolds ◽  
Graham Thornicroft ◽  
Melanie Abas ◽  
Bob Woods ◽  
Juanita Hoe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interrater Reliability ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Assessment Instrument ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Camberwell Assessment Of Need ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Test Retest Reliability ◽  
Very High ◽  
Assessment Of Need

BackgroundThere exists no instrument specifically designed to measure comprehensively the needs of older people with mental disorders.AimTo develop such an instrument which would take account of patients', staff and carers' views on needs.MethodFollowing an extensive development process, the assessment instrument was subjected to a test–retest and interrater reliability study, while aspects of validity were addressed both during development and with data provided by sites in the UK, Sweden and the USA.ResultsThe Camberwell Assessment of Need for the Elderly (CANE) comprises 24 items (plus two items for carer needs), and records staff, carer and patient views. It has good content, construct and consensual validity. It also demonstrates appropriate criterion validity. Reliability is generally very high: κ > 0.85 for all staff ratings of interrater reliability. Correlations of interrater and test–retest reliability of total numbers of needs identified by staff were 0.99 and 0.93, respectively.ConclusionsThe psychometric properties of the CANE seem to be highly acceptable. It was easily used by a wide range of professionals without formal training.

scholarly journals Oral corticosteroid prescription patterns for asthma in France, Germany, Italy and the UK

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 1902363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trung N. Tran ◽  
Elizabeth King ◽  
Rajiv Sarkar ◽  
Cassandra Nan ◽  
Annalisa Rubino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Primary Care Physicians ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Uncontrolled Asthma ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Asthma Exacerbations ◽  
Oral Corticosteroids ◽  
Baseline Characteristics ◽  
The Uk

Oral corticosteroids (OCS) are used to manage asthma exacerbations and severe, uncontrolled asthma, but OCS use is associated with adverse effects. We aimed to describe the patterns of OCS use in the real-world management of patients with asthma in western Europe.We used electronic medical records from databases in France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom from July 2011 through February 2018. Patients aged ≥12 years with an asthma diagnosis, at least one non-OCS asthma medication within ±6 months of diagnosis, and available data ≥6 months prior to and ≥90 days after cohort entry were included. High OCS use was defined as OCS ≥450 mg prescribed in a 90-day window during follow-up. Baseline characteristics and OCS use during follow-up were described overall and by OCS use status.Of 702 685 patients with asthma, 14–44% were OCS users and 6–9% were high OCS users at some point during follow-up. Annual prevalence of high OCS use across all countries was ∼3%. High OCS users had a mean of between one and three annual OCS prescriptions, with an average daily OCS dosage of 1.3–2.2 mg. For patients who continued to meet the high-use definition, daily OCS exposure was generally stable at 5.5–7.5 mg for ≥2 years, increasing the risk of adverse effects.Our study demonstrates that OCS use is relatively common across the four studied European countries. Data from this study may provide decisive clinical insights to inform primary care physicians and specialists involved in the management of severe, uncontrolled asthma.

scholarly journals Heterogeneous mental health development during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lea Ellwardt ◽  
Patrick Präg
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Social Lives ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Uk

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic and the mitigation measures by governments have upended the economic and social lives of many, leading to widespread psychological distress. We explore heterogeneity in trajectories of psychological distress during the pandemic in the United Kingdom and relate this heterogeneity to socio-demographic and health factors. We analyze nine waves of longitudinal, nationally representative survey data from the UK Household Longitudinal Study ($$N=15{,}914$$ N = 15 , 914 ), covering the period from early 2020 to mid-2021. First, latent class mixture modelling is used to identify trajectories of psychological distress. Second, associations of the trajectories with covariates are tested with multinomial logistic regressions. We find four different trajectories of distress: continuously low, temporarily elevated, repeatedly elevated, and continuously elevated distress. Nearly two fifths of the population experienced severely elevated risks of distress during the pandemic. Long-term distress was highest among younger people, women, people living without a partner, those who had no work or lost income, and those with previous health conditions or COVID-19 symptoms. Given the threat of persistent stress on health, policy measures should be sensitized to the unintended yet far-reaching consequences of non-pharmaceutical interventions.

scholarly journals Senior Registrar Training in Old Age Psychiatry in the United Kingdom

1988 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 233-234
Author(s):  
J. P. Wattis
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Psychiatric Training ◽  
Senior Registrar ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Old Age Psychiatry ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Special Responsibility ◽  
Registrar Training

The Joint Committee on Higher Psychiatric Training (JCHPT) requires senior registrars (SRs) training for special responsibility posts in old age psychiatry to spend between one year and 18 months in higher training posts in which psychiatry of old age forms the major part of the work. Although only about a third of consultants in a recent survey had such training, there was strong evidence that more recently appointed consultants were likely to have recommended training. The availability of suitable training ‘slots’ seems likely to play a major role in how quickly specialised psychiatric services for old people can develop in response to the rising challenge posed by demographic changes. Jolley has already demonstrated how developments have been delayed by a shortage of properly trained candidates. Despite this the situation has now been reached where over two-thirds of the elderly population of the UK are served by specialised consultants albeit sometimes at inadequate manpower levels.

scholarly journals Mitigating COVID-19 in a Nationally Representative UK Sample: Personal Abilities and Obligation to Obey the Law Shape Compliance with Mitigation Measures

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmeke Barbara Kooistra ◽  
Christopher Reinders Folmer ◽  
Malouke Esra Kuiper ◽  
Elke Olthuis ◽  
Megan Brownlee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Representative Sample ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The World ◽  
The Law ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Uk

The COVID-19 pandemic has greatly influenced daily life all over the world. The present study assesses what factors influenced inhabitants of the United Kingdom to comply with lockdown and social distancing measures. It analyses data from an online survey, conducted on April 6-8, 2020, amongst a nationally representative sample of 555 participants who currently reside in the UK. The results show that compliance depended mostly on people’s capacity to comply with the rules, and the normative obligation they feel to obey the law. As such, compliance was not associated with deterrence or obedience out of fear, but rather with people’s practical abilities and intrinsic motivation to comply. The paper discusses policy implications for effective mitigation of the virus.

Designing care environments for persons with Alzheimer's disease: visuoperceptual considerations

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gemma MM Jones ◽  
William J van der Eerden
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Dementia Care ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Future Care ◽  
The Uk

This article provides information about the projected need for specialist dementia care environments in the United Kingdom. It summarizes the adverse effects of poorly designed environments and acknowledges that, despite a range of residential models, none has been shown or agreed to be the best. It considers current efforts in the UK that might influence future care environments positively.

Inequality, Redistribution and Recession: The British Experience, 1976–1982

1985 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael O'higgins
Keyword(s):  
Economic Recession ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Social Benefit ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Social Spending ◽  
Equal Distribution ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Tax Changes ◽  
The Unemployed ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe combination of economic recession and political reaction — which might be expected to lead to an increase in inequality — has been accompanied in the United Kingdom by an intellectual critique of the egalitarian impact of social welfare provision. This paper examines the pattern and trend of inequality and redistribution in recent years in the light of these economic, political and intellectual pressures. The paper demonstrates that inequality has increased since 1976 and that the increase has been more marked since 1979. The main factor causing this increase was the less equal distribution of market incomes, a major effect of the recession. Tax changes were a secondary factor, whilst changes in social benefit programmes had little effect. While social spending did not bring about greater overall equality, it combated and significantly modified the pressures towards greater inequality. The impact of recession is particularly apparent in the changing composition of the bottom of the income distribution: the elderly are being replaced by the unemployed as the inhabitants of the lowest levels of economic welfare.

Tax Problems and the Elderly: Form Filling and Compliance Costs

1985 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon James ◽  
Alan Lewis ◽  
Julie Maloney
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Compliance Costs ◽  
High Compliance ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this paper is to explore the difficulties elderly taxpayers experience when complying with the tax system operated in the United Kingdom. Some of these problems arise from particular characteristics of the UK system, which are difficult for taxpayers to understand. Results from the survey reported here point to disproportionately high compliance costs experienced by elderly and recently retired taxpayers. The policy implications of these findings are discussed in terms of such matters as the improved distribution of explanatory leaflets and the need for simplification and improved comprehensibility of tax and other bureaucratic literature. Throughout the paper comparisons are drawn particularly between Britain and the USA.

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