Hybrid Security Governance in South America: An Empirical Assessment

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (04) ◽  
pp. 72-94
Author(s):  
Rafael Duarte Villa ◽  
Fabrício H. Chagas-Bastos ◽  
Camila de Macedo Braga
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Southern Cone ◽  
South American ◽  
Governance Mechanism ◽  
Interstate Relations ◽  
Security Community ◽  
Security Governance ◽  
Peace And Conflict ◽  
Foreign And Security Policy

ABSTRACTContending rationales of peace and conflict coexist between countries and within regional spaces as conditions that motivate or constrain militarized behaviors. While the idea of balancing is still a relevant concept to understand contemporary security in South America, the region produces patterns of a nascent security community. This article argues that the regional repertoire of foreign and security policy practices draws on a hybrid security governance mechanism. The novelty brought by the cumulative interaction among South American countries is that the coexistence turns into a hybrid between both practices and discourses. To explain how hybrid formations are produced, this study analyzes the most empirically intense and academically controversial political and security interactions from interstate relations in the two security complexes in the region, the Southern Cone and the Northern Andes.

Nomenclatural adjustments in two South American species of Senecio (Compositae, Senecioneae)

Phytotaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 482 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-222
Author(s):  
JOEL CALVO ◽  
VANEZZA MORALES-FIERRO
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Southern Cone ◽  
South American ◽  
South American Species

After the monographic revision of the genus Senecio Linnaeus (1753: 866) from Chile by Cabrera (1949), several nomenclatural adjustments were made (Jeffrey 1992, Soldano 1998, Calvo 2020, Wu et al. 2020). Herein, we point out the illegitimacy of two names that have widely been accepted in the literature dealing with Senecio in the Southern Cone of South America (Cabrera 1949, Cabrera 1971, Marticorena & Quezada 1985, Freire 2008, Freire et al. 2014, Rodríguez et al. 2018). The respective priority names are indicated. Moreover, the name S. crepidoides Philippi (1894: 252) is lectotypified.

Redating Fell's Cave, Chile and the Chronological Placement of the Fishtail Projectile Point

2015 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 376-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Waters ◽  
Thomas Amorosi ◽  
Thomas W. Stafford
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Late Pleistocene ◽  
Southern Cone ◽  
South American ◽  
Before Present ◽  
Projectile Point ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Point Type

Fell's Cave lies near the Magellan Straits of South America's Southern Cone. This was the first site to provide evidence of a late Pleistocene occupation of South America, and it is the site where the Fishtail projectile point type was defined. Previous radiocarbon ages from Fell's Cave on charcoal samples from three hearths in the late Pleistocene artifact-bearing levels yielded dates ranging from ca. 11,000 to 10,100 radiocarbon years before present. New radiocarbon dates on curated charcoal samples from these same hearths yield revised ages of ca. 10,800 to 10,400 radiocarbon years before present. These new dates from Fell's Cave agree well with ages from other South American sites in the Southern Cone with Fishtail points and show that the Fishtail projectile point was made from ca. 10,850 to 10,300 radiocarbon years before present or ca. 12,800 to 12,100 calibrated years before present.

scholarly journals Recent Evolutions of Gender, State Feminism and Care Models in Latin America and Europe

2020 ◽  
pp. 361-385
Author(s):  
Julie Jarty ◽  
Karina Batthyány
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
South America ◽  
Southern Cone ◽  
First Century ◽  
South American ◽  
Unpaid Care ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Status ◽  
Care Models ◽  
European Side

AbstractThis chapter presents and characterises the way in which, in the twenty-first century, after years of feminist struggles inside and outside of institutions, gender relations are organised in the different countries of the INCASI project (on the European side, Spain, Italy, Finland, France and the United Kingdom, on the side of the South American Southern Cone, Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Uruguay). It pays special attention to the implementation of feminist issues on political agendas, and in particular the assignment of women to unpaid care work—an aspect of the power continuum that we look to relate to other aspects. Gradually and for almost a century all countries in both continents have granted women the status of subjects, citizens and employees. However, the conditions, challenges and timelines of this process differ considerably from one continent to another, so they need to be addressed separately. The neoliberal era did not have the same impact in Europe as it did in South America (nor was it exactly the same between particular European countries or among South American ones).

scholarly journals MODERNIZAÇÃO ARMAMENTISTA NA AMÉRICA DO SUL: PRESSÕES EMPÍRICAS E TEÓRICAS SOBRE AS VISÕES DUALISTAS DE SEGURANÇA REGIONAL

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (14) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Duarte Villa
Keyword(s):  
Drug Trafficking ◽  
Southern Cone ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
Democratic Peace ◽  
South American ◽  
Security Systems ◽  
Security Community ◽  
The North ◽  
South American Region ◽  
Andean Countries

Research that focuses on security systems in South America usually identifies the existence of two regional security subsystems: one in the Andean countries of the North, with more traditional characteristics such as militarized tensions at the borders and intense drug trafficking problems; and a second one located in the Southern Cone, with security and integration regimes, which could qualify as a security community. This is what we call a dualistic view of security. This paper challenges this thesis to show that contemporary developments and concerns about the purchase of sophisticated weaponry by some South American countries, especially Chile, Venezuela, and Brazil in the first two decades of this century are critical points for the idea of a permanent (democratic) peace zone located only in the Southern Cone. In fact, arms purchases transform the South American region into a single regional security complex with tensions and militarized representations in both the Andean system and the Southern Cone.

China’s South Asia Policy in the ‘New Era’

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-154
Author(s):  
Sanjeev Kumar
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Xi Jinping ◽  
New Era ◽  
Low Profile ◽  
Foreign And Security Policy ◽  
Neighbouring Region ◽  
Rise Of China ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Rise Of China

In recent years, there has been a rise in China’s profile in South Asia. It is no surprise that Chinese experts have used terms, such as ‘new springtime’ in China–South Asia relations, ‘rediscovery of the strategic status of South Asia’ and ‘most relevant region with regard to the rise of China’.    The objective of this article is to examine the nature and drivers of China’s South Asia policy, especially under the leadership of Xi Jinping vis-à-vis China’s policy towards the region in the past. It is not sufficient to only examine international factors or foreign and security policy in the context of the neighbouring region, such as South Asia. China’s ‘domestic periphery’ presents a significant threat to its national security. These areas are linked to neighbouring countries of South Asia and Central Asia. The announcement by Chinese President Xi Jinping of a ‘New Era’ or ‘third era’ in the history of Communist Party of China (CPC) represents a China which is known for its dictum ‘striving for achievement’ ( fenfa youwei). This is different from the second era’s policy of ‘keeping a low profile and biding the time’ proposed by Deng Xiaoping. Of course, the name of Mao Zedong is synonymous with the first era beginning from 1949.

scholarly journals Pleistocene Mammals from Pampean Region (Argentina). Biostratigraphic, Biogeographic, and Environmental Implications

Quaternary ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
José Luis Prado ◽  
María Teresa Alberdi ◽  
Jonathan Bellinzoni
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
The State ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
South American ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
Sedimentary Sequences ◽  
Pampean Region ◽  
Mammalian Faunas ◽  
Pleistocene Mammals ◽  
Fossil Records

The Pampean Region contains sedimentary sequences with abundant mammal fossil records, which constitute the chronological outline of the Plio–Pleistocene of South America. These classic localities have been used for more than a century to correlate with other South American regions. Throughout this time, a series of misinterpretations have appeared. To understand the stratigraphic significance of these localities and the geochronological situation of each unit referring to the Pleistocene, a critical historical study of the antecedents was carried out, evaluating the state of each unit. The biostratigraphic studies of the Pampean Region’s mammalian faunas improved the understanding of biogeographic changes taking into account the environmental fluctuations of the Pleistocene.

Trojan hosts: the menace of invasive vertebrates as vectors of pathogens in the Southern Cone of South America

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciano F. La Sala ◽  
Julián M. Burgos ◽  
Alberto L. Scorolli ◽  
Kimberly VanderWaal ◽  
Sergio M. Zalba
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Southern Cone

scholarly journals An Overview of Equine Influenza in South America

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 888
Author(s):  
Cecilia Olguin-Perglione ◽  
María Edith Barrandeguy
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
South American ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Equine Influenza Virus ◽  
Equine Influenza ◽  
Vaccine Manufacturer ◽  
Gene Level ◽  
Control Procedures

Equine influenza virus (EIV) is one of the most important respiratory pathogens of horses as outbreaks of the disease lead to significant economic losses worldwide. In this review, we summarize the information available on equine influenza (EI) in South America. In the region, the major events of EI occurred almost in the same period in the different countries, and the EIV isolated showed high genetic identity at the hemagglutinin gene level. It is highly likely that the continuous movement of horses, some of them subclinically infected, among South American countries, facilitated the spread of the virus. Although EI vaccination is mandatory for mobile or congregates equine populations in the region, EI outbreaks continuously threaten the equine industry. Vaccine breakdown could be related to the fact that many of the commercial vaccines available in the region contain out-of-date EIV strains, and some of them even lack reliable information about immunogenicity and efficacy. This review highlights the importance of disease surveillance and reinforces the need to harmonize quarantine and biosecurity protocols, and encourage vaccine manufacturer companies to carry out quality control procedures and update the EIV strains in their products.

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