scholarly journals Color sound symbolism in natural languages

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
NIKLAS JOHANSSON ◽  
ANDREY ANIKIN ◽  
NIKOLAY ASEYEV
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Color Naming ◽  
Sound Symbolism ◽  
Acoustic Measurements ◽  
High Luminance ◽  
Natural Languages ◽  
High Brightness ◽  
International Phonetic Alphabet ◽  
Textual Data ◽  
Sound Color

abstractThis paper investigates the underlying cognitive processes of sound–color associations by connecting perceptual evidence from research on cross-modal correspondences to sound symbolic patterns in the words for colors in natural languages. Building upon earlier perceptual experiments, we hypothesized that sonorous and bright phonemes would be over-represented in the words for bright and saturated colors. This hypothesis was tested on eleven color words and related concepts (red–green, yellow–blue, black–white, gray, night–day, dark–light) from 245 language families. Textual data was transcribed into the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), and each phoneme was described acoustically using high-quality IPA recordings. These acoustic measurements were then correlated with the luminance and saturation of each color obtained from cross-linguistic color-naming data in the World Color Survey. As expected, vowels with high brightness and sonority ratings were over-represented in the words for colors with high luminance, while sonorous consonants were more common in the words for saturated colors. We discuss these results in relation to lexicalization patterns and the links between iconicity and perceptual cross-modal associations.

scholarly journals Do Sibilants Fly? Evidence from a Sound Symbolic Pattern in Pokémon Names

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 386-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigeto Kawahara ◽  
Mahayana C. Godoy ◽  
Gakuji Kumagai
Keyword(s):  
Sound Symbolism ◽  
Research Paradigm ◽  
Current Experiment ◽  
Normal Type ◽  
Natural Languages ◽  
Japanese Speakers ◽  
Symbolic Value

AbstractAncient writers, including Socrates and the Upanishads, argued that sibilants are associated with the notions of wind, air and sky. From modern perspectives, these statements can be understood as an assertion about sound symbolism, i.e., systematic connections between sounds and meanings. Inspired by these writers, this article reports on an experiment that tests a sound symbolic value of sibilants. The experiment is a case study situated within the Pokémonastics research paradigm, in which the researchers explore the sound symbolic patterns in natural languages using Pokémon names. The current experiment shows that when presented with pairs of a flying-type Pokémon character and a normal-type Pokémon character, Japanese speakers are more likely to associate the flying-type Pokémons with names that contain sibilants than those names that do not contain sibilants. As was pointed out by Socrates, the sound symbolic connection identified in the experiment is likely to be grounded in the articulatory properties of sibilants – the large amount of oral airflow that accompanies the production of sibilants. Various implications of the current experiment for the sound symbolism research are discussed throughout the article.

scholarly journals High-Luminance Mid-Air Image Display for Outdoor Viewing by Focusing Sunlight

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (17) ◽  
pp. 5834
Author(s):  
Naoya Koizumi ◽  
Koki Yuzurihara
Keyword(s):  
Horizontal Plane ◽  
Liquid Crystal Display ◽  
Powerful Method ◽  
Maximum Luminance ◽  
High Luminance ◽  
Winter Solstice ◽  
High Brightness ◽  
Autumnal Equinox ◽  
Transparent Liquid ◽  
High Level

The mid-air image is a very powerful method for presenting computer graphics in a real environment, but it cannot be used in bright locations owing to the decrease in brightness during the imaging process. Therefore, to form a mid-air image with a high-brightness light source, a square pyramidal mirror structure was investigated, and the sunlight concentration was simulated. We simulated the tilt angle and combination angle of the condenser as parameters to calculate the luminance of the surface of a transparent liquid crystal display. The light collector was installed at 55∘ from the horizontal plane and mirror. A high level of illumination was obtained when these were laminated together at an angle of 70∘. To select a suitable diffuser, we prototyped and measured the brightness of the mid-air image with an LED lamp to simulate sunlight in three settings: summer solstice, autumnal equinox, and winter solstice. The maximum luminance of the mid-air image displayed by collecting actual sunlight was estimated to be 998.6 cd/m2. This is considerably higher than the maximum smartphone brightness to allow for outdoor viewing, and it can ensure fully compatible visibility.

Highly efficient dual-core derivatives with EQEs as high as 8.38% at high brightness for OLED blue emitters

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (46) ◽  
pp. 14709-14716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seokwoo Kang ◽  
Hyocheol Jung ◽  
Hayoon Lee ◽  
Sunwoo Park ◽  
Joonghan Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
High Luminance ◽  
High Brightness ◽  
Highly Efficient ◽  
Fluorescent Materials ◽  
Blue Emitters ◽  
Dual Core ◽  
Very High

Three blue fluorescent materials were newly synthesized. A device doped with p-TPA-AP-TPA displayed a very high efficiency of 9.14 cd A−1 and an EQE of 8.38% at a high luminance of 5000 cd m−2.

scholarly journals An extended research of crossmodal correspondence between color and sound in psychology and cognitive ergonomics

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiuwen Sun ◽  
Xiaoling Li ◽  
Lingyu Ji ◽  
Feng Han ◽  
Huifen Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Times ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Sound Symbolism ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Color Properties ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Crossmodal Correspondence ◽  
Sound Color ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Congruent Group

Based on the existing research on sound symbolism and crossmodal correspondence, this study proposed an extended research on cross-modal correspondence between various sound attributes and color properties in a group of non-synesthetes. In Experiment 1, we assessed the associations between each property of sounds and colors. Twenty sounds with five auditory properties (pitch, roughness, sharpness, tempo and discontinuity), each varied in four levels, were used as the sound stimuli. Forty-nine colors with different hues, saturation and brightness were used to match to those sounds. Result revealed that besides pitch and tempo, roughness and sharpness also played roles in sound-color correspondence. Reaction times of sound-hue were a little longer than the reaction times of sound-lightness. In Experiment 2, a speeded target discrimination task was used to assess whether the associations between sound attributes and color properties could invoke natural cross-modal correspondence and improve participants’ cognitive efficiency in cognitive tasks. Several typical sound-color pairings were selected according to the results of Experiment 1. Participants were divided into two groups (congruent and incongruent). In each trial participants had to judge whether the presented color could appropriately be associated with the sound stimuli. Result revealed that participants responded more quickly and accurately in the congruent group than in the incongruent group. It was also found that there was no significant difference in reaction times and error rates between sound-hue and sound-lightness. The results of Experiment 1 and 2 indicate the existence of a robust crossmodal correspondence between multiple attributes of sound and color, which also has strong influence on cognitive tasks. The inconsistency of the reaction times between sound-hue and sound-lightness in Experiment 1 and 2 is probably owing to the difference in experimental protocol, which indicates that the complexity of experiment design may be an important factor in crossmodal correspondence phenomena.

Expressing evolution in Pokémon names: Experimental explorations

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigeto Kawahara ◽  
Gakuji Kumagai
Keyword(s):  
Sound Symbolism ◽  
English Speakers ◽  
Natural Languages ◽  
Japanese Speakers ◽  
Phonological Length ◽  
The Way

AbstractThere has been a growing interest in sound symbolic patterns in natural languages, in which some sounds are associated with particular meanings. Previous corpus-based research identified some specific sound symbolic relationships in Pokémon naming patterns in Japanese (Kawahara et al. 2018b). One of the main findings was that the names of Pokémon characters are more likely to contain voiced obstruents, and are longer in terms of mora count, when the Pokémon characters undergo evolution (e.g.nyoromo→nyorozo; poppo→pijotto). The current study reports three experiments that test whether (i) these patterns are productive in the minds of general Japanese speakers, and whether (ii) the same tendency holds with English speakers. The results show that the effect of phonological length was clearly observed both with Japanese and English speakers; the effects of voiced obstruents were observed clearly with Japanese speakers, but less clearly with English speakers. Along the way, we address other general issues related to sound symbolism: (iii) to what extent the sound symbolic effects identified in Kawahara et al. (2018b) rely on familiarity with Pokémon, and (iv) whether word-initial segments invoke stronger images than word-internal segments. In addition to its research value, we emphasize that this general project on Pokémon names can be useful for undergraduate phonetics education.

scholarly journals Accounting for the stochastic nature of sound symbolism using Maximum Entropy model

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigeto Kawahara ◽  
Hironori Katsuda ◽  
Gakuji Kumagai
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Entropy ◽  
Sound Symbolism ◽  
Maximum Entropy Model ◽  
Recent Proposal ◽  
Entropy Model ◽  
Natural Languages ◽  
Stochastic Nature ◽  
Formal Framework ◽  
Research Domain ◽  
Natural Way

AbstractSound symbolism refers to stochastic and systematic associations between sounds and meanings. Sound symbolism has not received much serious attention in the generative phonology literature, perhaps because most if not all sound symbolic patterns are probabilistic. Building on the recent proposal to analyze sound symbolic patterns within a formal phonological framework (Alderete and Kochetov 2017), this paper shows that MaxEnt grammars allow us to model stochastic sound symbolic patterns in a very natural way. The analyses presented in the paper show that sound symbolic relationships can be modeled in the same way that we model phonological patterns. We suggest that there is nothing fundamental that prohibits formal phonologists from analyzing sound symbolic patterns, and that studying sound symbolism using a formal framework may open up a new, interesting research domain. The current study also reports two hitherto unnoticed cases of sound symbolism, thereby expanding the empirical scope of sound symbolic patterns in natural languages.

Revealing Groups of Semantically Close Textual Documents by Clustering

2015 ◽  
pp. 71-111
Author(s):  
František Dařena ◽  
Jan Žižka
Keyword(s):  
Prior Knowledge ◽  
Clustering Algorithms ◽  
Data Preprocessing ◽  
Unsupervised Clustering ◽  
External Evaluation ◽  
Natural Languages ◽  
Text Documents ◽  
Customer Reviews ◽  
Textual Data ◽  
Expert Validation

The chapter introduces clustering as a family of algorithms that can be successfully used to organize text documents into groups without prior knowledge of these groups. The chapter also demonstrates using unsupervised clustering to group large amount of unlabeled textual data (customer reviews written informally in five natural languages) so it can be used later for further analysis. The attention is paid to the process of selecting clustering algorithms, their parameters, methods of data preprocessing, and to the methods of evaluating the results by a human expert with an assistance of computers, too. The feasibility has been demonstrated by a number of experiments with external evaluation using known labels and expert validation with an assistance of a computer. It has been found that it is possible to apply the same procedures, including clustering, cluster validation, and detection of topics and significant words for different natural languages with satisfactory results.

Construct Validity of the Stroop Color-Word Test: Influence of Speed of Visual Search, Verbal Fluency, Working Memory, Cognitive Flexibility, and Conflict Monitoring

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
José A Periáñez ◽  
Genny Lubrini ◽  
Ana García-Gutiérrez ◽  
Marcos Ríos-Lago
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Visual Search ◽  
Cognitive Flexibility ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Word Reading ◽  
Color Word ◽  
Color Naming ◽  
Conflict Monitoring ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms

Abstract Objective 85 years after the description of the Stroop interference effect, there is still a lack of consensus regarding the cognitive constructs underlying scores from standardized versions of the test. The present work aimed to clarify the cognitive mechanisms underlying direct (word-reading, color-naming, and color-word) and derived scores (interference, difference, ratio, and relative scores) from Golden’s standardized version of the test. Method After a comprehensive review of the literature, five cognitive processes were selected for analysis: speed of visual search, phonemic verbal fluency, working memory, cognitive flexibility, and conflict monitoring. These constructs were operationalized by scoring five cognitive tasks (WAIS-IV Digit Symbol, phonemic verbal fluency [letter A], WAIS-IV Digit Span, TMT B-A, and reaction times to the incongruent condition of a computerized Stroop task, respectively). About 83 healthy individuals (mean age = 25.2 years) participated in the study. Correlation and regression analyses were used to clarify the contribution of the five cognitive processes on the prediction of Stroop scores. Results Data analyses revealed that Stroop word-reading reflected speed of visual search. Stroop color-naming reflected working memory and speed of visual search. Stroop color-word reflected working memory, conflict monitoring, and speed of visual search. Whereas the interference score was predicted by both conflict monitoring and working memory, the ratio score (color-word divided by color-naming) was predicted by conflict monitoring alone. Conclusion The present results will help neuropsychologists to interpret altered patient scores in terms of a failure of the cognitive mechanisms detailed here, benefitting from the solid background of preceding experimental work.

Structurally simple non-doped sky-blue OLEDs with high luminance and efficiencies at low driving voltages

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. 1973-1980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenglong Li ◽  
Zhiqiang Li ◽  
Xianju Yan ◽  
Yuewei Zhang ◽  
Zuolun Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Luminance ◽  
High Brightness

Two emitters that can realize structurally simple non-doped sky-blue OLEDs with high brightness and efficiencies at low driving voltages have been designed and synthesized.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document