When Richard met CG: reference-point and English copy-raising

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 473-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHONGWON PARK ◽  
DANIEL TURNER
Keyword(s):  
Reference Point ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Cognitive Grammar ◽  
Point Property ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Embedded Clause ◽  
Copy Raising ◽  
Matrix Subject

abstractThe aim of this paper is to develop a Cognitive Grammar-based analysis of English Copy-raising (CR) constructions such as Richard seems like he is dancing. We argue that the notion of reference-point plays a crucial role in licensing the matrix-subject of the construction. In CR, with the epistemic verbs seem and appear, the matrix-subject functions as a reference-point in relation to the pronominal copy (if a copy exists) in the embedded clause. The aboutness topicality of the matrix-subject in CR is expected, owing to its reference-point property. The epistemic CR construction is acceptable without a pronominal copy if the matrix-subject functions as a reference-point in relation to the complement clause. The same type of analysis is applied to the CR construction with perceptual resemblance (PR) verbs – sound, look, feel, and smell – leading to the conclusion that the strong dichotomy between epistemic and PR verbs is illusory. It is further demonstrated that expletive there-raising in CR is motivated by the same reference-point phenomenon. The difference between there-raising and other CR examples stems from the role of there as a setting subject. Our reference-point-based analysis predicts a metonymic interpretation of the matrix-subject, which we attribute to the connection between reference-point and metonymy.

Reference-point and blending in Korean non-nominative subject constructions

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 717-751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chongwon Park
Keyword(s):  
Reference Point ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Primary Factor ◽  
Cognitive Grammar ◽  
Natural Explanation ◽  
Case Marking ◽  
Complex Forms ◽  
Spatial Semantics

This article examines three types of Korean constructions: case stacking and two types of non-nominative subject constructions. Relying on an independently established descriptive construct known as reference-point, I argue that the complex forms of these constructions reflect their meanings and functions. I further argue that the reference-point-based analysis of these constructions offers a unified account of a substantial range of phenomena when it is combined with the notion of conceptual and constructional blending. In providing technical analyses of the phenomena, I adopt the Cognitive Grammar (CG) framework. To justify the choice of the theoretical framework of my analysis, I examine the crucial role of spatial semantics in the said constructions, which is viewed as the primary factor underlying the distribution of case marking in CG. I then demonstrate that my CG-based analysis yields a natural explanation of the constructions both intuitively and theoretically.

On the loss of copy-raising and the development of infinitive complements

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-109
Author(s):  
Łukasz Jędrzejowski
Keyword(s):  
Subject Position ◽  
Old High German ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Complement Clauses ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Embedded Clause ◽  
Copy Raising ◽  
Matrix Subject ◽  
Dependent Clause

This article deals with (non‑)finite complement clauses embedded under the inceptive phase predicate beginnen ‘begin’ in the history of German and illustrates how infinitives replaced finite clauses headed by the complementizer dass ‘that’. The main objective is to show that it was possible in Old High German (750–1050) to raise the subject from the embedded clause into the matrix subject position, crossing a CP boundary and leaving a pronominal copy in the dependent clause (copy-raising). Moreover, it is claimed that beginnen in its function as a subject control verb instantiates a recent development in the history of German and that this use developed out of a raising structure.

Apparent raising in Tongan and its implications for multiple case valuation

2021 ◽  
pp. 192-215
Author(s):  
Yuko Otsuka
Keyword(s):  
Subject Position ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Multiple Case ◽  
Embedded Clause ◽  
Parametric Adjustment ◽  
Matrix Subject ◽  
Case Feature ◽  
Activity Condition

Apparent raising (AR) constructions in Tongan resemble raising constructions in that the thematic subject of the embedded clause seems to occur in the matrix subject position. Unlike regular raising, however, Tongan AR shows characteristics of A-bar movement such as long-distance dependency, sensitivity to islands, and syntactic ergativity. This chapter argues that Tongan AR involves three operations: (a) topic movement of a DP to the embedded [Spec, C], (b) cancelation of the previous valuation of the case feature on the DP in [Spec, C], and (c) subsequent case valuation under Agree with the matrix v. The proposed analysis calls for a parametric adjustment to the activity condition to allow for multiple case valuation: in languages like Tongan, a DP located at the edge of a phase not only remains active, but the valuation of its case feature gets undone upon completion of the CP phase.

Conceptual perspective-taking and children's interpretation of pronouns in reported speech

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ron Smyth
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Verbal Task ◽  
Anaphora Resolution ◽  
Reported Speech ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Shift Model ◽  
Matrix Subject ◽  
And Task

ABSTRACTThis study examines the role of cognitive development in children's use of pragmatic cues for anaphora resolution. Reported speech sentences like Minnie told Dorothy that she knew Superman are biased toward the matrix subject. This bias is claimed to depend on two conceptual shifts, first to the speaker's and then to the listener's perspective. 141 children aged 5;0–8;0 performed two tasks with biased and neutral sentences. In the Verbal task, they gave antecedent choices in response to a question (e.g.… that WHO knew Superman?). In the Puppet task, which prompts the perspective shift, they made a puppet say the reported speech portion (e.g. I/you know Superman). Violations of the pragmatic constraint decreased with age and task, consistent with the perspective-shift model. Parallel function effects in neutral sentences were weaker than in previous research on conjoined sentences, but similar to recent results for adults with these materials.

Leptin system loss of function in the absence of obesity in zebrafish

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amrutha Bagivalu Lakshminarasimha ◽  
Patrick Page McCaw ◽  
Diana Möckel ◽  
Felix Gremse ◽  
Maximilian Michel
Keyword(s):  
Morbid Obesity ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Leptin Receptor ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Significant Variance ◽  
Growth Phenotype ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Leptin System

The leptin system plays a crucial role in the regulation of appetite and energy homeostasis in vertebrates. While the phenotype of morbid obesity due to leptin or leptin receptor (lepr) loss of function is well established in mammals, evidence in fish is controversial, questioning the role of leptin as the vertebrate adipostat. Here we report on 3 lepr loss of function (lof) and one leptin loss of function allele in zebrafish. In order to demonstrate that the lepr lof alleles cannot transduce a leptin signal, we measured socs3a transcription after intraperitoneal leptin which is abolished by lepr lof. None of the lepr/lepa lof alleles lead to obesity / a body growth phenotype. We explore possible reasons leading to the difference in published results and find that even slight changes in background genetics such as inbreeding siblings and cousins can lead to significant variance in growth.

Perception verbs, copy raising, and evidentiality in Swedish and English

2021 ◽  
pp. 149-159
Author(s):  
Ida Toivonen
Keyword(s):  
Perception Verbs ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Copy Raising ◽  
Germanic Languages ◽  
Matrix Subject ◽  
Syntactic Frames

The Germanic languages have a number of different verbs of perception such as ‘see’, ‘hear’, and ‘look like’, and these verbs can appear in different syntactic frames. The literature on these verbs point to many similarities and also interesting and subtle differences between verbs and constructions. This chapter specifically focuses on English ‘look like’ and its Swedish counterpart ‘se ut som’. Specifically, copy-raising examples like ‘Mia looked like she was sleeping’ are compared to expletive examples such as ‘It looked like Mia was sleeping’. A comparison between new psycholinguistic study of Swedish and similar recent studies on Swedish and English lends support to the hypothesis that copy-raising and expletive examples are more similar to each other in English than they are in Swedish: in Swedish the embedded pronoun is less likely to be interpreted as co-referential with the matrix subject.

scholarly journals PARALLELS BETWEEN ANCIENT EGYPTIAN RELIGIOUS LITERATURE AND THE OLD TESTAMENT PSALMS: PSALM 103 AND "THE GREAT HYMN TO THE ATEN"

2018 ◽  
pp. 5-11
Author(s):  
Ksenia A. Shperl ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Religious Literature ◽  
Ancient Egyptian ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Egyptian Literature ◽  
First Time

Ever since J. Breasted pointed to the similarity between Ancient Egyptian literature and the Old Testament psalms for the first time, the issue of whether the parallels seen between these texts are an evidence of plagiarism has been widely discussed, but to no avail: while most scholars argue that the evident similarity in forms actually means the psalm authors used older texts as a source for writing their own prayers, there is no reason to accuse the Hebrews of plagiarism. The author of the article makes an attempt to analyze the similarities and differences between the two texts, and pays attention to the theological gulf that separates psalm 103 and the Great Hymn to the Aten. Despite the seeming identity of images and ideas, the analysis of the verses reveals that it is doubtful that the authors of the psalms simply rewrote ancient texts to match their religion. The difference manifests itself in the way God and Ra are described, the emphasis on the crucial role of the pharaoh, which is absent in psalm 103, the implicit meaning of night (the two images of night used are contrasting, as the Egyptian text implies that night is the time when evil dominates everything, whereas psalm 103 shows that night is just another wonder of God, and the fact that the Sun is no longer seen does not mean that God loses His power), etc...

Property-Owning Democracy and the Difference Principle

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Social System ◽  
Difference Principle ◽  
State Capitalism ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Bases ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Principles Of Justice

This chapter discusses John Rawls’s conception of property-owning democracy and how it is related to his difference principle. Rawls says that the main problem of distributive justice is the choice of a social system. Property-owning democracy is the social system that Rawls thought best realizes the requirements of his principles of justice. This chapter explains why Rawls thought that welfare-state capitalism could not fulfill his principles and discusses the connection between welfare-state capitalism and utilitarianism. It also clarifies the crucial role of democratic reciprocity and the social bases of self-respect in Rawls’s argument for both the difference principle and property-owning democracy.

The role of matrix in the evaluation of analytical parameters for trace determinations using TXRF spectrometry

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sangita Dhara
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role ◽  
The Matrix

The matrix plays a very crucial role in trace determinations, as it affects various analytical parameters if it is not properly evaluated.

The role of syntactic complexity in training wh-movement structures in agrammatic aphasia: Optimal order for promoting generalization

1998 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 661-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
CYNTHIA K. THOMPSON ◽  
KIRRIE J. BALLARD ◽  
LEWIS P. SHAPIRO
Keyword(s):  
Relative Clause ◽  
Optimal Order ◽  
Complex Structures ◽  
Syntactic Complexity ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Agrammatic Aphasia ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Embedded Clause ◽  
Movement Structure

This study examined the postulate that training production of syntactically complex sentences results in generalization to less complex sentences that have processes in common with treated structures. Three agrammatic aphasic patients were trained to produce wh-movement structures, object clefts and/or object extracted who-questions, while generalization between these structures was tested. One NP-movement structure, passive sentences, also was tested for control purposes. Wh-movement occurs from the direct object position to specifier position in the complementizer phrase [SPEC, CP] for both wh-movement structures. In who-questions movement occurs in the matrix sentence, whereas, in object clefts movement occurs within an embedded relative clause, rendering them the most complex. Results showed robust generalization effects from object clefts to matrix who-question for 1 participant (D.L.); however, no generalization was noted from who-questions to object clefts for another (F.P.), and 1 participant (C.H.) showed acquisition of who-questions, but not object clefts, during the baseline condition without direct treatment. As expected, none of the participants showed improved production of passives. These findings supported those derived from our previous studies, indicating that generalization is enhanced not only when target structures are related along dimensions articulated by linguistic theory, but also when the direction of treatment is from more to less complex structures. The present findings also support proposals that projections of higher levels in the syntactic treatment are dependent on successful projection of lower levels. For our participants, training movement within CP in a lower (embedded) clause resulted in their ability to project to CP at higher levels. (JINS, 1998, 4, 661–674.)

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