How words anchor categorization: conceptual flexibility with labeled and unlabeled categories‡

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
JACKSON TOLINS ◽  
ELIANA COLUNGA
Keyword(s):  
Selective Attention ◽  
Behavioral Response ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reversal Shift ◽  
Top Down ◽  
The One ◽  
Conceptual Flexibility

abstractLabeled categories are learned faster, and are subsequently more robust than categories learned without labels. The label feedback hypothesis (Lupyan, 2012) accounts for these effects by introducing a word-driven top-down modulation of perceptual processes involved in categorization. By testing categorization flexibility with and without labels, we demonstrate the ways in which labels do and do not modulate category representations. In Experiment 1, transfer involved a change in selective attention, and results indicated that labels did not impact relearning. In Experiment 2, when transfer involved a change in the behavioral response to categories whose structures did not change, a reversal shift, learning the categories with labels speeded recovery. We take this finding as evidence that the augmentation of perceptual processes by words is on the one hand fairly weak without explicit reinforcement, but on the other allows for category representations to be more abstract, allowing greater flexibility in behavior.

Shaping the future

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Cribb
Keyword(s):  
Health Policy ◽  
Service Provision ◽  
Collective Responsibility ◽  
The Other ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Delivery Model ◽  
The Future ◽  
The One ◽  
Philosophical Questions

This concluding chapter asks how health policy needs to change character in the light of the transitions and tensions reviewed in the book. The emphasis in health policy has to move more decisively from a delivery model to a deliberative model of healthcare; or, in other words, from an assumed model of ‘top-down’ service provision towards a more diffused and democratic model. Moreover, the philosophical transition explored in the book should, in part, be seen as a transition towards philosophy, because philosophical questions are now manifestly at the centre of healthcare debate and activity. The chapter then presents some substantive conclusions about the key balancing acts that need to be struck in shaping the future of healthcare, including the balance between the responsibilities of policy makers and professionals, on the one hand, and the collective responsibility of patients and publics, on the other.

A space for identity: the case of Lebanon’s naturalised Palestinians

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hind Ghandour
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
The Other ◽  
Top Down ◽  
National Belonging ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Paradigmatic Shift ◽  
Naturalized Citizens ◽  
National Discourses ◽  
The One

This chapter examines a segment of Palestinians who were granted citizenship in Lebanon through a process of tawtin, a naturalization strategy underpinned by notions of national belonging and identity. It draws upon interviews and observations with naturalized citizens and refugees to illustrate and reveal patterns of citizenship practice that challenge national discourses of tawtin, and suggest the emergence of a paradigm that posits citizenship-as-rights, and not identity.  Despite the dichotomous discourse that posits Palestinian identity in dialectic to citizenship, naturalized Palestinians constructed dynamic spaces for both to exist, somewhat harmoniously. Despite the globalization of human rights and the rise of universal personhood, access to rights remains inextricably bound and dependent upon access to citizenship. Analyses of citizenship practice remains, for the most part, conscripted to frameworks that posit citizenship-as identity on the one hand, and the subsequent emergence of citizenship-as-rights on the other. Belying these existing frameworks is a negotiation and re-negotiation of citizenship by individuals that inherently challenges them from within. This necessitates a paradigmatic shift from the top-down lens within which tawtin of Palestinians in Lebanon is presented, towards a bottom-up approach that explores the individuals’ agency in its conceptualization. 

scholarly journals Different Representation Procedures Originated from Multivariate Temporal Pattern Analysis of the Behavioral Response to Pain in Wistar Rats Tested in a Hot-Plate under Morphine

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Casarrubea ◽  
Aiello ◽  
Santangelo ◽  
Di Giovanni ◽  
Crescimanno
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Response ◽  
Temporal Pattern ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Pattern Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Interval Length ◽  
Hot Plate ◽  
Multivariate Technique ◽  
The One ◽  
Multivariate T

Temporal pattern analysis is an advanced multivariate technique able to investigate the structure of behavior by unveiling the existence of statistically significant constraints among the interval length separating events in sequence. If on the one hand, such an approach allows investigating the behavioral response to pain in its most intimate and inner features, on the other hand, due to the meaning of the studies on pain, it is of relevant importance that the results utilize intuitive and easily comprehensible ways of representation. The aim of this paper is to show various procedures useful to represent the results originating from the multivariate T-pattern analysis of the behavioral response to pain in Wistar rats tested in a hot-plate and IP injected morphine or saline as a control.

Subject-Task Interaction in Selective Attention Research

1973 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 259-262
Author(s):  
Steven Jay Gross ◽  
Samuel F. Moore ◽  
Stephen L. Stern
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Selective Attention ◽  
Individual Difference ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Information Processing ◽  
Task Variables ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual

Two methods of investigating human information processing, the one focusing on the manipulation of experimental tasks and the other emphasizing individual differences, were compared. The design utilized the experimental tasks of Treisman and Riley (1969) while examining for individual differences on the basis of Witkin's field-articulation dimension. The findings of Treisman and Riley were replicated, while no differences were found among Ss categorized on the individual-difference dimension, suggesting that task variables were most important in performance requiring selective attention.

Cooperation and coercion

Linguistics ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny Audring ◽  
Geert Booij
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Semantics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Complex Structures ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Broad Variety ◽  
The One ◽  
Semantic Flexibility

AbstractCoercion is a much-discussed topic in the linguistic literature. This article expands the usual range of cases at the most subtle and the extreme end: it demonstrates how coercion extends into semantic flexibility on the one hand and into idiomaticity on the other. After discussing a broad variety of coercion cases in syntax and morphology and briefly reviewing the equally diverse literature, we identify three mechanisms – selection, enrichment, and override – that have alternatively been proposed to account for coercion effects. We then present an approach that combines all three mechanisms, arguing that they can be unified along a single axis: the degree of top-down influence of complex structures on lexical semantics.

scholarly journals The Curious Incident of Attention in Multisensory Integration: Bottom-up vs. Top-down

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 557-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emiliano Macaluso ◽  
Uta Noppeney ◽  
Durk Talsma ◽  
Tiziana Vercillo ◽  
Jess Hartcher-O’Brien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prior Knowledge ◽  
Multisensory Integration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Stimulus Properties ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Current Task ◽  
The One

The role attention plays in our experience of a coherent, multisensory world is still controversial. On the one hand, a subset of inputs may be selected for detailed processing and multisensory integration in a top-down manner, i.e., guidance of multisensory integration by attention. On the other hand, stimuli may be integrated in a bottom-up fashion according to low-level properties such as spatial coincidence, thereby capturing attention. Moreover, attention itself is multifaceted and can be describedviaboth top-down and bottom-up mechanisms. Thus, the interaction between attention and multisensory integration is complex and situation-dependent. The authors of this opinion paper are researchers who have contributed to this discussion from behavioural, computational and neurophysiological perspectives. We posed a series of questions, the goal of which was to illustrate the interplay between bottom-up and top-down processes in various multisensory scenarios in order to clarify the standpoint taken by each author and with the hope of reaching a consensus. Although divergence of viewpoint emerges in the current responses, there is also considerable overlap: In general, it can be concluded that the amount of influence that attention exerts on MSI depends on the current task as well as prior knowledge and expectations of the observer. Moreover stimulus properties such as the reliability and salience also determine how open the processing is to influences of attention.

Processing Speed in the Motion-Induction Effect

Perception ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 477-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael von Grünau ◽  
Zeina Saikali ◽  
Jocelyn Faubert
Keyword(s):  
Processing Speed ◽  
The Other ◽  
Local Processing ◽  
Induction Effect ◽  
Illusory Motion ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Differential Processing ◽  
Gradient Direction ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

The motion-induction effect, where an illusory motion is perceived within a bar when it is shown next to a spot presented slightly earlier, was studied with respect to the idea that it is based on differential processing speeds between the two ends of the bar. First, by using just a bar with a luminance gradient, the existence of a motion illusion (gradient motion) within such a bar was demonstrated, presumably due to the different processing speeds of differential luminances. When such a bar was used in the motion-induction effect, it was shown to modulate, for short delays, the strength of the effect up or down, according to the direction of the gradient with respect to the position of the spot. When the same bar was used in the double-motion-induction effect (split priming), in which motion is usually away from the later spot, it totally determined the perceived direction of illusory motion, independently of gradient direction with respect to the later spot or the time between the two spots. These results demonstrate, on the one hand, that differential local processing speed is a likely mechanism to underlie the motion-induction effect. On the other hand, they also suggest the involvement of other more global (and perhaps top—down) processes.

scholarly journals Peculiarities of selective attention in reading a text (on the example of forensic problem)

2020 ◽  
pp. 10-42
Author(s):  
Elena Vladimirovna Sennitskaya
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Selective Attention ◽  
Hierarchical Structure ◽  
Research Methodology ◽  
Hierarchical System ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
Task Conditions

The object of this research is attention, while the subject is the peculiarities of selective attention to various facts presented in forensic problem. A hypothesis is advanced that there is a dependence between attention to the fact, reflected in the amount of its interpretations in a written solution of the problem by the examinee on the one hand; and number of subsidiary elements specifying its separate sides, task conditions in the task on the other. In other words, if the text is a hierarchical structure illustrating the act of narration from general to specific, the fact that is not just mentioned, but described in details, attracts attention only due to the amount of defining subsidiary elements, regardless of content of the fact itself. Research methodology includes theoretical analysis of literature on the factors affective selectiveness of attention; experiment – a solution of forensic problems by examinees of different gender; surveying with open-ended questions. The novelty consists in identification of the previously unstudied factor influencing the “noticeability” of fact in the text for a reader: its position within the hierarchical system of facts. The conclusion is formulated that the biggest role in attraction of attention to the fact is played not by the overall number of subsidiary element, but rather their number at the closest level of hierarchy.

"Inescapable" Coherence and the Failure of the Novel-Symphony in the Finale of Mahler's Sixth

2007 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 053-095 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seth Monahan
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Unique Form ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Minor Mode ◽  
The One ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Constituent Elements

Critics have long viewed Mahler's Sixth Symphony in A Minor (1904) as the composer's consummate essay in musical tragedy or negativity, one with deeply personal implications. Its enormous finale draws together materials from all the preceding movements and enacts a terrible conflict ending in failure. Yet few studies have looked beneath the work's bombastic rhetorical-expressive surface to explore how its negativity might be reflected in its tonal, formal, and thematic processes. This study sets out to link that negative expressivity to a breakdown of what Adorno called the "novelistic" character of Mahler's symphonies. For Adorno, Mahler pioneered a new, emancipatory symphonic idiom, one that liberated its musical materials from the dictates of preconceived formal totalities. Unlike the Classical symphony, where the parts exist for the sake of a symmetrical, tightly knit whole, the "novel-symphony" follows no predetermined path. Instead, it unfolds according to the dictates of its constituent elements, realizing its unique form from the "bottom up" rather than the "top down."Yet (as Adorno suggests) in the finale of the Sixth this integrating totality returns with a vengeance. We can read the movement as a clash between Adorno's novelistic and Classical paradigms, a showdown between the impulsive freedom of certain recalcitrant thematic elements on the one hand, and the increasingly punitive demands of rigid minor-mode sonata on the other. This drama--one that caricaturizes "classicism" itself as a repressive or stifling force--plays out on both formal and thematic levels. Several writers have noted the claustrophobic effect created by Mahler's incessant recycling of certain key motives, an "inescapable" coherence in which the organicist imperatives of the grand tradition themselves become corrupt and, ultimately, corrosive. As these generic, subthematic particles proliferate, the movement's "novelistic" themes--those seeking to subvert the strict sonata--are systematically denuded of the differentiating features and dissolved beyond recognition. In the end, the movement's infamously brutal minor-mode conclusion reveals itself to be the culmination of a musical plot spanning the entire movement, one that gathers its many details into an inexorably tragic narrative whole.

Military Communication

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. S. Naiden
Keyword(s):  
Effective Communication ◽  
The Other ◽  
Verbal Instruction ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Classical Greece ◽  
Symbolic Gestures ◽  
The One

Chapter 4 explores the ways in which communication determined the outcome of battles in classical Greece—encounters where an army’s victory would depend upon its continued cohesion and its soldiers’ ability to remain in effective communication with one another. Neither Thucydides nor Xenophon (our principal sources for the battles in question) draws specific attention to these two vital needs, let alone their synergy, but Naiden demonstrates how readily identifiable they are. He draws a distinction between networks of “horizontal” communication among an army’s mass of soldiers on the one hand, and officers’ top-down “vertical” communication on the other, the latter form conveyed by symbolic gestures as well as by verbal instruction.

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