Explaining World Wine Exports in the First Wave of Globalization, 1848–1938

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
María-Isabel Ayuda ◽  
Hugo Ferrer-Pérez ◽  
Vicente Pinilla
Keyword(s):  
Transaction Costs ◽  
Gravity Model ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Alcoholic Beverage ◽  
Home Bias ◽  
Extended Version ◽  
Tariff Protection ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Small Minority ◽  
Jel Classifications

AbstractThe objective of this article is to analyze the determinants of world wine exports in the first globalization, taking into account the principal exporting countries and using an extended version of the gravity model. The article distinguishes between ordinary- and high-quality wines. Our econometric results show that wine exports were not affected by the increase in the size of the markets of consuming countries, since in most of them wine was an alcoholic beverage consumed by a very small minority of the population. The harvests of the producing countries, particularly in preceding years, significantly and positively affected their exports. Conversely, the harvests of importers hurt exports as there was a home bias in consumption due to cultural, price, or tariff protection reasons. In the interwar period, the wine trade was severely affected by a series of shocks such as WWI, the Soviet revolution, the Prohibition, and the 1930s depression. As was the case with trade as a whole, the fall in transaction costs, favored exports, at least those of lower-priced and lower-quality wine. However, the liberalization of trade had a lesser impact on wine than on other products. (JEL Classifications: F14, N50, Q13, Q17)

Governing the Environment: the Intitutional Economics Approach

2009 ◽  
pp. 61-86
Author(s):  
Arild Vatn
Keyword(s):  
Transaction Costs ◽  
Environmental Governance ◽  
Institutional Economics ◽  
Specific Area ◽  
New Institutional Economics ◽  
Neoclassical Economics ◽  
Institutional Perspective ◽  
Institutional Structures ◽  
Plural Rationalities ◽  
Jel Classifications

- Analyzing environmental governance implies foremost to analyze institutional structures and their implications. In doing so, the present paper utilizes insights primarily from the tradition of classical institutional economics. The paper is divided in three. In the first part I describe the main features of the classical position and compare it briefly with that of neoclassical economics and the tradition of new institutional economics. In the second part I clarify what is considered the main aspects of governance as seen from an institutional perspective. In part three I move to the more specific area of environmental governance. The concept of resource regimes is defined. Moreover I analyze how different regimes influence which environmental problems appear and how they can be treated. I discuss how institutions influence the formation and articulation of knowledge and values, how they form and protect interests, how they influence the level of transaction costs and hence the possibilities for coordination, and finally how they form the motivations underlying human choices in concrete contexts. Given that all these variables are shown to be endogenous to the institutional system, the use of comparative analysis in the assessment of various governance options is emphasized.Keywords: classical institutional economics, interdependence, resource regimes, value articulation, interest protection, transaction costs, plural rationalities.JEL classifications: B52; Q50; D02; D70.

Auditors' Constraining Effect on Tax Noncompliance at Different Book-Tax Conformity Levels in a Transition Economy

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Hung Chan ◽  
Rebecca Luo ◽  
Phyllis Lai Lan Mo
Keyword(s):  
Earnings Management ◽  
Transition Economy ◽  
Tax Compliance ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Auditor Quality ◽  
Direct Linkage ◽  
Tax Reporting ◽  
Jel Classifications ◽  
Tax Noncompliance

ABSTRACT This study examines how differential auditor quality can affect clients' tax noncompliance at different book-tax conformity levels. Overall, we find that high-quality auditors are associated with client firms' better tax compliance. Specifically, high-quality auditors are effective in constraining book-tax-conforming noncompliance because of the direct linkage between financial and tax reporting for such noncompliance at both the higher and the lower conformity periods. In contrast, high-quality auditors' constraining effect on book-tax-difference noncompliance is significant only in the lower conformity period when there are more opportunities for reporting irregularities. Furthermore, firms that switch from a low- to a high-quality auditor have better tax compliance after the switch. This study contributes to the literature by providing evidence that high-quality auditors not only can constrain clients' earnings management, but can also constrain tax noncompliance. JEL Classifications: M41; M42.

scholarly journals Table of Contents and Foreword

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-50
Author(s):  
João Antonio Martino ◽  
Marcelo Lubaszewski
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Extended Version ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Scientific Level ◽  
Microelectronics Technology ◽  
Soi Technology

This issue of Journal of Integrated Circuits and Systems (JICS) includes papers on process, materials, devices, and modeling. These papers have been selected from the presentations given at SBMicro2008 (23rd Symposium on Microelectronics Technology and Devices), which has been held in Gramado, Brazil in 2008. Among the contributions presented at SBMicro2008 conference, only a few best rated by the reviewers were selected by the JICS Editorial Board and have been invited to submit an extended version. These papers have been submitted to usual reviewing process with the help of external experts. An invited paper from Dr. Carlos Mazure on SOI technology and its applications is included in this issue and also spontaneous submissions have been considered. We would like to thank the authors for their effort in preparing these high quality papers, as well as the reviewers for their help on paper selection, which guarantees the scientific level of this issue.We sincerely hope that JICS readers will enjoy these contributions.João Antonio Martino - JICS Editor-in-chiefMarcelo Lubaszewski - JICS Co-Editor

How Countries Should Share Tax Information

2019 ◽  
pp. 303-322
Author(s):  
Arthur J. Cockfield
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Transaction Costs ◽  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Academic Support ◽  
Tax Planning ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Financial Flows ◽  
Optimal Outcomes ◽  
Illicit Financial Flows ◽  
International Tax

This chapter looks at exchange of information (EOI) policies, proposing several ways to make EOI policies fairer and more efficient, so as to maximize their potential to reduce illicit financial flows and curb abusive tax practices that undermine human rights. While there appears increasing policy and academic support for EOI initiatives that promote global financial transparency, the current international tax regime, with its high transaction costs for taxpayers and tax authorities, does not seem particularly amenable to producing optimal outcomes. The chapter then emphasizes how, to promote enforceability, the ideal EOI system delivers high-quality tax information while providing needed legal protections for taxpayer privacy. The exchange and usage of high-quality tax information would reduce transaction costs for tax authorities as they could more readily identify taxpayers engaged in offshore tax evasion and aggressive international tax planning.

scholarly journals Structural and Functional Changes in Prokaryotic Communities in Artificial Pit Mud during Chinese Baijiu Production

mSystems ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mao-Ke Liu ◽  
Yu-Ming Tang ◽  
Xiao-Jiao Guo ◽  
Ke Zhao ◽  
Petri Penttinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Pcr ◽  
Alcoholic Beverage ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Culture Technique ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Functional Variation ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Maturation Time ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Pit Mud

ABSTRACT The Chinese alcoholic beverage strong-flavor baijiu (SFB) gets its characteristic flavor during fermentation in cellars lined with pit mud. Microbes in the pit mud produce key precursors of flavor esters. The maturation time of natural pit mud of over 20 years has promoted attempts to produce artificial pit mud (APM) with a shorter maturation time. However, knowledge about the molecular basis of APM microbial dynamics and associated functional variation during SFB brewing is limited, and the role of this variability in high-quality SFB production remains poorly understood. We studied APM maturation in new cellars until the fourth brewing batch using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, quantitative PCR, metaproteomics, and metabolomics techniques. A total of 36 prokaryotic classes and 195 genera were detected. Bacilli and Clostridia dominated consistently, and the relative abundance of Bacilli decreased along with the APM maturation. Even though both amplicon sequencing and quantitative PCR showed increased abundance of Clostridia, the levels of most of the Clostridium proteins were similar in both the first- and fourth-batch APM samples. Six genera correlated with eight or more major flavor compounds in SFB samples. Functional prediction suggested that the prokaryotic communities in the fourth-batch APM samples were actively engaged in organic acid metabolism, and the detected higher concentrations of proteins and metabolites in the corresponding metabolic pathways supported the prediction. This multi-omics approach captured changes in the abundances of specific microbial species, proteins, and metabolites during APM maturation, which are of great significance for the optimization of APM culture technique. IMPORTANCE Strong-flavor baijiu (SFB) accounts for more than 70% of all Chinese liquor production. In the Chinese baijiu brewing industry, artificial pit mud (APM) has been widely used since the 1960s to construct fermentation cellars for production of high-quality SFB. To gain insights at the systems level into the mechanisms driving APM prokaryotic taxonomic and functional dynamics and into how this variation is connected with high-quality SFB production, we performed the first combined metagenomic, metaproteomic, and metabolomic analyses of this brewing microecosystem. Together, the multi-omics approach enabled us to develop a more complete picture of the changing metabolic processes occurring in APM microbial communities during high-quality SFB production, which will be helpful for further optimization of APM culture technique and improvement of SFB quality.

scholarly journals Incremental Density-Based Link Clustering Algorithm for Community Detection in Dynamic Networks

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanrong Meng ◽  
Feng Zhang ◽  
Mu Zhu ◽  
Yan Xing ◽  
Zhixiao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Complex Networks ◽  
Community Detection ◽  
Network Topology ◽  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Dynamic Networks ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Extended Version ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Detection Algorithms

Community detection in complex networks has become a research hotspot in recent years. However, most of the existing community detection algorithms are designed for the static networks; namely, the connections between the nodes are invariable. In this paper, we propose an incremental density-based link clustering algorithm for community detection in dynamic networks, iDBLINK. This algorithm is an extended version of DBLINK which is proposed in our previous work. It can update the local link community structure in the current moment through the change of similarity between the edges at the adjacent moments, which includes the creation, growth, merging, deletion, contraction, and division of link communities. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that iDBLINK not only has a great time efficiency, but also maintains a high quality community detection performance when the network topology is changing.

scholarly journals Table of Contents and Foreword

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-70
Author(s):  
Marcelo Antonio Pavanello ◽  
Fernando Gehm Moraes
Keyword(s):  
Financial Support ◽  
Extended Version ◽  
Valuable Contribution ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Scientific Level ◽  
Microelectronics Technology

In this issue of JICS some of the papers have been selected from the presented at SBMicro2012 (27th Symposium on Microelectronics Technology and Devices), which has been held in Brasília, Brazil, in 2012. Among the contributions presented at the s ymposium, only a few best rated were selected by the JICS Editorial Board and have been invited to submit an extended version to the Journal. These extended papers have passed through the usual reviewing process before acceptance. In addition to the best papers presented at the conference, spontaneous submissions passed through the usual reviewing process and have been accepted as regular papers. We would like to thank the authors for their effort in preparing these high quality papers, as well as the reviewers for their valuable contribution on paper evaluation and selection, which guarantees the scientific level of this issue. We sincerely hope that JICS readers will enjoy these contributions. We also would like to thank the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for the financial support for this JICS Issue.Marcelo Antonio Pavanello - JICS Editor-in-chiefFernando Gehm Moraes - JICS Co-Editor

scholarly journals Auditing Quality, Investor Sentiment and Earnings Response---Evidence from the Chinese A-Share Market

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
Ling Zhang ◽  
Chao Ge ◽  
Wun-Hong Su
Keyword(s):  
Transaction Costs ◽  
Investor Sentiment ◽  
Market Response ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Quality Signals ◽  
Earnings Response ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Auditor Reputation ◽  
A Share

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether auditing quality mitigates the impact of the investor’s sentiment on share market response to earnings news. Auditing quality involves auditor reputation quality and auditor implicit quality. The high-quality of auditing work can not only enhance the investors’ confidence, but also reduce the transaction costs. Using 12,345 observations from the Chinese A-share market over the period 2007 to 2014, the empirical results demonstrate that the different auditing quality signals generate the distinct influences on the investors. Specifically: (1) there is an insignificant relation between auditor reputation quality and the influence of investor sentiment on share market response to earning news; (2) there is a significant association between auditor implicit quality and the influence of investor sentiment on share market response to earning news.

scholarly journals The Impact of Climate Change on Viticulture and Wine Quality

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 150-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cornelis van Leeuwen ◽  
Philippe Darriet
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Valuable Resource ◽  
Wine Quality ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Wine Production ◽  
Extreme Climatic Events ◽  
Fruit Composition ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Jel Classifications

AbstractClimate change is a major challenge in wine production. Temperatures are increasing worldwide, and most regions are exposed to water deficits more frequently. Higher temperatures trigger advanced phenology. This shifts the ripening phase to warmer periods in the summer, which will affect grape composition, in particular with respect to aroma compounds. Increased water stress reduces yields and modifies fruit composition. The frequency of extreme climatic events (hail, flooding) is likely to increase. Depending on the region and the amount of change, this may have positive or negative implications on wine quality. Adaptation strategies are needed to continue to produce high-quality wines and to preserve their typicity according to their origin in a changing climate. The choice of plant material is a valuable resource to implement these strategies. (JEL Classifications: Q13, Q54)

Dynamics of Buyer-Seller Relations in Norwegian Wine Imports

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Ursula Landazuri-Tveteraas ◽  
Frank Asche ◽  
Hans-Martin Straume
Keyword(s):  
Import Price ◽  
Search Costs ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Duration Of Trade ◽  
Trade Relationships ◽  
Positive Determinant ◽  
Jel Classifications

Abstract As for all traded products, aggregated wine imports build on numerous trades at the firm level. To ensure consumers access to a variety of wines with different qualities, importers need to connect to different wine exporters. Some of these relationships will last for a long time, while the duration of others may be short. In this article, we employ transaction-level data to analyze the duration of trade relationships in wine imports to Norway from 2004 to 2014. We find that most relationships are short-lived, as more than 75% of trade relationships end after less than two years. Furthermore, we find that higher-quality wines, as indicated by the import price, increase trade duration. Deeper firm-to-firm trade relationships for more exclusive wines are likely due to higher search costs for high-quality products. The results also show that the size of the initial trade between the partners, or degree of commitment, is a positive determinant for persistent relationships. (JEL Classifications: C41, F14, Q27)

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