ILLUSORY MODELS OF PEANO ARITHMETIC

2016 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 1163-1175 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAKOTO KIKUCHI ◽  
TAISHI KURAHASHI
Keyword(s):  
Initial Segment ◽  
Peano Arithmetic ◽  
Nonstandard Model

AbstractBy using a provability predicate of PA, we define ThmPA(M) as the set of theorems of PA in a model M of PA. We say a model M of PA is (1) illusory if ThmPA(M) ⊈ ThmPA(ℕ), (2) heterodox if ThmPA(M) ⊈ TA, (3) sane if M ⊨ ConPA, and insane if it is not sane, (4) maximally sane if it is sane and ThmPA(M) ⊆ ThmPA(N) implies ThmPA(M) = ThmPA(N) for every sane model N of PA. We firstly show that M is heterodox if and only if it is illusory, and that ThmPA(M) ∩ TA ≠ ThmPA(ℕ) for any illusory model M. Then we show that there exists a maximally sane model, every maximally sane model satisfies ¬ConPA+ConPA, and there exists a sane model of ¬ConPA+ConPA which is not maximally sane. We define that an insane model is (5) illusory by nature if its every initial segment being a nonstandard model of PA is illusory, and (6) going insane suddenly if its every initial segment being a sane model of PA is not illusory. We show that there exists a model of PA which is illusory by nature, and we prove the existence of a model of PA which is going insane suddenly.

Flipping properties in arithmetic

1982 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 416-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. S. Kirby
Keyword(s):  
Standard Model ◽  
Set Theory ◽  
Initial Segment ◽  
Peano Arithmetic ◽  
Combinatorial Properties ◽  
Nonstandard Model ◽  
Standard Part ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Nonstandard Models ◽  
Image Position

Flipping properties were introduced in set theory by Abramson, Harrington, Kleinberg and Zwicker [1]. Here we consider them in the context of arithmetic and link them with combinatorial properties of initial segments of nonstandard models studied in [3]. As a corollary we obtain independence resutls involving flipping properties.We follow the notation of the author and Paris in [3] and [2], and assume some knowledge of [3]. M will denote a countable nonstandard model of P (Peano arithmetic) and I will be a proper initial segment of M. We denote by N the standard model or the standard part of M. X ↑ I will mean that X is unbounded in I. If X ⊆ M is coded in M and M ≺ K, let X(K) be the subset of K coded in K by the element which codes X in M. So X(K) ⋂ M = X.Recall that M ≺IK (K is an I-extension of M) if M ≺ K and for some c∈K,In [3] regular and strong initial segments are defined, and among other things it is shown that I is regular if and only if there exists an I-extension of M.

On the complexity of models of arithmetic

1982 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 403-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth McAloon
Keyword(s):  
Standard Model ◽  
Initial Segment ◽  
Peano Arithmetic ◽  
Nonstandard Model ◽  
Recursively Enumerable ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Models Of Arithmetic

AbstractLet P0 be the subsystem of Peano arithmetic obtained by restricting induction to bounded quantifier formulas. Let M be a countable, nonstandard model of P0 whose domain we suppose to be the standard integers. Let T be a recursively enumerable extension of Peano arithmetic all of whose existential consequences are satisfied in the standard model. Then there is an initial segment M′ of M which is a model of T such that the complete diagram of M′ is Turing reducible to the atomic diagram of M. Moreover, neither the addition nor the multiplication of M is recursive.

Two theorems on degrees of models of true arithmetic

1984 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 425-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Knight ◽  
Alistair H. Lachlan ◽  
Robert I. Soare
Keyword(s):  
Standard Model ◽  
Binary Operation ◽  
Peano Arithmetic ◽  
Turing Degree ◽  
First Order ◽  
Nonstandard Model ◽  
Basis Theorem ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Countable Models

Let PA be the theory of first order Peano arithmetic, in the language L with binary operation symbols + and ·. Let N be the theory of the standard model of PA. We consider countable models M of PA such that the universe ∣M∣ is ω. The degree of such a model M, denoted by deg(M), is the (Turing) degree of the atomic diagram of M. The results of this paper concern the degrees of models of N, but here in the Introduction, we shall give a brief survey of results about degrees of models of PA.Let D0 denote the set of degrees d such that there is a nonstandard model of M of PA with deg(M) = d. Here are some of the more easily stated results about D0.(1) There is no recursive nonstandard model of PA; i.e., 0 ∈ D0.This is a result of Tennenbaum [T].(2) There existsd ∈ D0such thatd ≤ 0′.This follows from the standard Henkin argument.(3) There existsd ∈ D0such thatd < 0′.Shoenfield [Sh1] proved this, using the Kreisel-Shoenfield basis theorem.(4) There existsd ∈ D0such thatd′ = 0′.Jockusch and Soare [JS] improved the Kreisel-Shoenfield basis theorem and obtained (4).(5) D0 = Dc = De, where Dc denotes the set of degrees of completions of PA and De the set of degrees d such that d separates a pair of effectively inseparable r.e. sets.Solovay noted (5) in a letter to Soare in which in answer to a question posed in [JS] he showed that Dc is upward closed.

Infinite substructure lattices of models of Peano Arithmetic

2010 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 1366-1382
Author(s):  
James H. Schmerl
Keyword(s):  
Large Class ◽  
Peano Arithmetic ◽  
Distributive Lattices ◽  
Elementary Extension ◽  
Bounded Lattice ◽  
Nonstandard Model ◽  
Finite Lattices ◽  
Bounded Form

AbstractBounded lattices (that is lattices that are both lower bounded and upper bounded) form a large class of lattices that include all distributive lattices, many nondistributive finite lattices such as the pentagon lattice N5. and all lattices in any variety generated by a finite bounded lattice. Extending a theorem of Paris for distributive lattices, we prove that if L is an ℵ0-algebraic bounded lattice, then every countable nonstandard model of Peano Arithmetic has a cofinal elementary extension such that the interstructure lattice Lt(/) is isomorphic to L.

On models of arithmetic—Answers to two problems raised by H. Gaifman

1975 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Wilkie
Keyword(s):  
Diophantine Equation ◽  
Initial Segment ◽  
Original Model ◽  
New Model ◽  
Recursive Functions ◽  
Nonstandard Model ◽  
Definable Functions ◽  
Models Of Arithmetic

In a recent paper [3] H. Gaifman investigated some model theoretic consequences of Matijasevič's theorem [5], and posed some further problems which naturally arise. We provide here partial answers to two of these problems, the results having been previously announced in the postscript of [3].Firstly, it is shown in [3] that if M1 and M2 are models of the Peano axioms P and M1 ⊆ M2, then M1 is closed under the recursive functions of M2. The converse of this statement is false. Moreover, Gaifman asks: Is every initial segment of a model M of P which is closed under the recursive functions of M (or the ∑n-definable functions) also a model of P? We show that this is false and our method gives, en route, another proof of a theorem of Rabin [7] stating the P is not implied by any consistent set of ∑n sentences for any n.Secondly, we partially answer a question posed on p. 129 of [3] by proving (some-what more than) every countable nonstandard model of P has an end extension in which a diophantine equation, not solvable in the original model, has a solution. We can, in fact, take the new model to be isomorphic to the original one. This generalises (apart from the countability restriction) a theorem of Rabin [6].

Uniqueness, collection, and external collapse of cardinals in IST and models of Peano arithmetic

1995 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 318-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Kanovei
Keyword(s):  
Set Theory ◽  
Peano Arithmetic ◽  
General Technique ◽  
Nonstandard Model ◽  
Internal Set

AbstractWe prove that in IST, Nelson's internal set theory, the Uniqueness and Collection principles, hold for all (including external) formulas. A corollary of the Collection theorem shows that in IST there are no definable mappings of a set X onto a set Y of greater (not equal) cardinality unless both sets are finite and #(Y) ≤ n #(X) for some standard n. Proofs are based on a rather general technique which may be applied to other nonstandard structures. In particular we prove that in a nonstandard model of PA, Peano arithmetic, every hyperinteger uniquely definable by a formula of the PA language extended by the predicate of standardness, can be defined also by a pure PA formula.

UNIVERSAL ROSSER PREDICATES

2017 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 292-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAKOTO KIKUCHI ◽  
TAISHI KURAHASHI
Keyword(s):  
Standard Model ◽  
Initial Segment ◽  
Nonstandard Model ◽  
Complete Extension ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Nonstandard Models ◽  
Incompleteness Theorems ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Gödel’S Incompleteness Theorems

AbstractGödel introduced the original provability predicate in the proofs of Gödel’s incompleteness theorems, and Rosser defined a new one. They are equivalent in the standard model ${\mathbb N}$ of arithmetic or any nonstandard model of ${\rm PA} + {\rm Con_{PA}} $, but the behavior of Rosser’s provability predicate is different from the original one in nonstandard models of ${\rm PA} + \neg {\rm Con_{PA}} $. In this paper, we investigate several properties of the derivability conditions for Rosser provability predicates, and prove the existence of a Rosser provability predicate with which we can define any consistent complete extension of ${\rm PA}$ in some nonstandard model of ${\rm PA} + \neg {\rm Con_{PA}} $. We call it a universal Rosser predicate. It follows from the theorem that the true arithmetic ${\rm TA}$ can be defined as the set of theorems of ${\rm PA}$ in terms of a universal Rosser predicate in some nonstandard model of ${\rm PA} + \neg {\rm Con_{PA}} $. By using this theorem, we also give a new proof of a theorem that there is a nonstandard model M of ${\rm PA} + \neg {\rm Con_{PA}} $ such that if N is an initial segment of M which is a model of ${\rm PA} + {\rm Con_{PA}} $ then every theorem of ${\rm PA}$ in N is a theorem of $\rm PA$ in ${\mathbb N}$. In addition, we prove that there is a Rosser provability predicate such that the set of theorems of $\rm PA$ in terms of the Rosser provability predicate is inconsistent in any nonstandard model of ${\rm PA} + \neg {\rm Con_{PA}} $.

A model of peano arithmetic with no elementary end extension

1978 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 563-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Mills
Keyword(s):  
Peano Arithmetic ◽  
Nonstandard Model

AbstractWe construct a model of Peano arithmetic in an uncountable language which has no elementary end extension. This answers a question of Gaifman and contrasts with the well-known theorem of MacDowell and Specker which states that every model of Peano arithmetic in a countable language has an elementary end extension. The construction employs forcing in a nonstandard model.

On maximal theories

1991 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 885-890 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zofia Adamowicz
Keyword(s):  
Open Problem ◽  
Initial Segment ◽  
Peano Arithmetic ◽  
Finite Collection ◽  
Extension Problem ◽  
Recursive Theory ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Induction Scheme

Let S be a recursive theory. Let a theory T* consisting of Σ1 sentences be called maximal (with respect to S) if T* is maximal consistent with S, i.e. there is no Σ1 sentence consistent with T* + S which is not in T*.A maximal theory with respect to IΔ0 was considered by Wilkie and Paris in [WP] in connection with the end-extension problem.Let us recall that IΔ0 is the fragment of Peano arithmetic consisting of the finite collection of algebraic axioms PA− together with the induction scheme restricted to bounded formulas.The main open problem concerning the end-extendability of models of IΔ0 is the following:(*) Does every model of IΔ0 + BΣ1 have a proper end-extension to a model of IΔ0?Here BΣ1 is the following collection scheme:where φ runs over bounded formulas and may contain parameters.It is well known(see [KP]) that if I is a proper initial segment of a model M of IΔ0, then I satisfies IΔ0 + BΣ1.For a wide discussion of the problem (*) see [WP]. Wilkie and Paris construct in [WP] a model M of IΔ0 + BΣ1 which has no proper end-extension to a model of IΔ0 under the assumption IΔ0 ⊢¬Δ0H (see [WP] for an explanation of this assumption). Their model M is a model of a maximal theory T* where S = IΔ0.Moreover, T*, which is the set Σ1(M) of all Σ1 sentences true in M, is not codable in M.

On certain types and models for arithmetic

1974 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Blass
Keyword(s):  
Model Theory ◽  
Peano Arithmetic ◽  
Minimal Extension ◽  
Nonstandard Model ◽  
Conservative Extensions

AbstractThere is an analogy between concepts such as end-extension types and minimal types in the model theory of Peano arithmetic and concepts such as P-points and selective ultrafilters in the theory of ultrafilters on N. Using the notion of conservative extensions of models, we prove some theorems clarifying the relation between these pairs of analogous concepts. We also use the analogy to obtain some model-theoretic results with techniques originally used in ultrafilter theory. These results assert that every countable nonstandard model of arithmetic has a bounded minimal extension and that some types in arithmetic are not 2-isolated.

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