scholarly journals Vaping Shadows Tobacco Control: Imperatives for Malaysia

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-44
Author(s):  
Keivan Ahmadi ◽  
Ireneous N. Soyiri
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Multilevel Marketing ◽  
Shopping Centres ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Unpublished Observation

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have been the subject of numerous debates in the literature. (Bullen et al., 2013; Cressey, 2014; The Lancet, 2013) So much discussion has been on it this year alone to the extent that the word vape, which means ‘to inhale and exhale the vapour produced by an e-cigarette or similar device’, has become the Oxford Dictionaries Word of the year. E-cigarettes have gained popularity amongst the youth who are smokers and want to quit as well as among children and adult non-smokers who fancy it. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013; Dawkins, Turner, Roberts & Soar, 2013; Emery, Vera, Huang & Szczypka, 2014; News & Angeles, n.d.; Serrie, 2014; US Drug and Food Administration, 2014) Even in rural communities in middle- and low-income countries, their availability in shopping centres and through multilevel marketing schemes is common (I.N.S., unpublished observation/data).

Growth Strategies to Avoid the Middle-Income Trap

2020 ◽  
pp. 24-47
Author(s):  
Homi Kharas ◽  
Indermit Gill
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Technical Change ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Growth Strategies ◽  
Functional Theory ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Advanced Economies ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Middle Income Trap

Since the authors of this chapter coined the term in 2006, “the middle-income trap” has been the subject of scores of investigations. The evidence in support of its existence has been mixed, but their original proposition was that of the possibility of a trap, not its inevitability. In this chapter, they emphasize the absence of a functional theory of economic growth in middle-income economies. Solow–Swan models did well to explain growth in low-income countries, and Lucas–Romer models emphasizing endogenous technical change identified the main drivers of growth in advanced economies. Neither class of models has, however, satisfactorily explained successful transitions from one type of growth to the other. The authors suggest that Schumpeterian models proposed by Aghion, Howitt, and others that stress creative destruction and institutional change provide the analytical foundations for a better understanding of growth in middle-income economies. They present evidence that is consistent with the predictions of this approach, and discuss its policy implications.

scholarly journals Epidemiological study of burns registered in Fatemi hospital in Ardabil, 2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 2200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anahita Zakeri ◽  
Firouz Amani ◽  
Vahid Abbasi
Keyword(s):  
Epidemiological Study ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Interpersonal Violence ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
And Control

Background: Burns after traffic accidents, falls and interpersonal violence are the fourth most commonly damaged worldwide. Annually more than 11 million people suffered to sever burns that most of them need for interventions and according WHO statistics, yearly more than 300000 people die from fire-related burns and most of them occurred in low income countries. The aim of this study was Epidemiological study of burns registered in Fatemi hospital in Ardabil, 2016.Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study has been done on 200 burns registered in burn unit of Fatemi hospital in 2016. Information included age, sex, residence place (urban-rural), marital status, time and area of burn, percent and degree of burn, cause and mechanism of burn, hospitalized time and result of treatment completed by a checklist and analyzed by statistical methods in SPSS version 19.Results: Of all patients, 118 (59%) were male, 62.5% rural and 50% single. Most of burns occurred in age group less than 10 with 33%. The most common cause of burns was hot liquids with 51.5%. Most of cases had burn in degree 2 (71%) and 53.5% of cases hospitalized five days in hospital. 93.5% of patients improved and discharged.Conclusions: Results showed that most of burns in this study occurred in age group less than 10 year. So, that it is necessary to prevent these events in future by taking the necessary measures and control and prevention by families.

scholarly journals Public Health and Epidemiology Informatics: Recent Research Trends Moving toward Public Health Data Science

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (01) ◽  
pp. 231-234
Author(s):  
Sébastien Cossin ◽  
Rodolphe Thiébaut ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Data Science ◽  
Health Data ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Editorial Committee ◽  
Disease Surveillance System ◽  
Public Health Data

Objectives: To introduce and summarize current research in the field of Public Health and Epidemiology Informatics. Methods: PubMed searches of 2019 literature concerning public health and epidemiology informatics were conducted and the returned references were reviewed by the two section editors to select 14 candidate best papers. These papers were then peer-reviewed by external reviewers to allow the Editorial Committee a curated selection of the best papers. Results: Among the 835 references retrieved from PubMed, two were finally selected as best papers. The first best paper leverages satellite images and deep learning to identify remote rural communities in low-income countries; the second paper describes the development of a worldwide human disease surveillance system based on near real-time news data from the GDELT project. Internet data and electronic health records are still widely used to detect and monitor disease activity. Identifying and targeting specific audiences for public health interventions is a growing subject of interest. Conclusions: The ever-increasing amount of data available offers endless opportunities to develop methods and tools that could assist public health surveillance and intervention belonging to the growing field of public health Data Science. The transition from proofs of concept to real world applications and adoption by health authorities remains a difficult leap to make.

Guidelines and scientifically-based spina bifida care: Guidance across the lifespan in a global health context

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-455
Author(s):  
Jonathan Castillo ◽  
Heidi Castillo ◽  
Timothy J. Brei
Keyword(s):  
Spina Bifida ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Cultural Beliefs ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Evidenced Based

The COVID-19 pandemic has reminded us that, if of nothing else, we live in a globalized community. Enthusiasm for evidenced-based medical knowledge is also contagious. Just as the incidence of SARS-CoV-2, the associated coronavirus, has had a borderless impact on global public health, so too neural tube defects have widespread significance. Previously, the concept of “blue marble health” was introduced as a policy framework to illustrate trends in the geographic distribution of health disparities affecting at-risk populations that live, not only in low-income countries, but also in pockets of the populace in wealthier nations. Subsequently, the Spina Bifida Association’s Collaborative Care Network, through a cooperative agreement with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, recently produced the “Guidelines for the Care of People with Spina Bifida.” While language differences, immigration, cultural beliefs, acculturation, local resources and social determinants of health, must be taken into account when these guidelines are implemented across the globe, they could not come at a more suitable time. The current digital age, as well as open access to this special issue, will ensure their ongoing wide distribution.

scholarly journals Tracking the effects of COVID-19 in rural China over time

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Huan Wang ◽  
Markus Zhang ◽  
Robin Li ◽  
Oliver Zhong ◽  
Hannah Johnstone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Rural Villages ◽  
Government Aid ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background China issued strict nationwide guidelines to combat the COVID-19 outbreak in January 2020 and gradually loosened the restrictions on movement in early March. Little is known about how these disease control measures affected the 600 million people who live in rural China. The goal of this paper is to document the quarantine measures implemented in rural China outside the epicenter of Hubei Province and to assess the socioeconomic effect of the measures on rural communities over time. Methods We conducted three rounds of interviews with informants from 726 villages in seven provinces, accounting for over 25% of China’s overall rural population. The survey collected data on rural quarantine implementation; COVID-19 infections and deaths in the survey villages; and effects of the quarantine on employment, income, education, health care, and government policies to address any negative impacts. The empirical findings of the work established that strict quarantine measures were implemented in rural villages throughout China in February. Results There was little spread of COVID-19 in rural communities: an infection rate of 0.001% and zero deaths reported in our sample. However, there were negative social and economic outcomes, including high rates of unemployment, falling household income, rising prices, and disrupted student learning. Health care was generally accessible, but many delayed their non-COVID-19 health care due to the quarantine measures. Only 20% of villagers received any form of local government aid, and only 11% of villages received financial subsidies. There were no reports of national government aid programs that targeted rural villagers in the sample areas. Conclusions By examining the economic and social effects of the COVID-19 restrictions in rural communities, this study will help to guide other middle- and low-income countries in their containment and restorative processes. Without consideration for economically vulnerable populations, economic hardships and poverty will likely continue to have a negative impact on the most susceptible communities.

scholarly journals Impact of social isolation on mortality and morbidity in 20 high-income, middle-income and low-income countries in five continents

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. e004124
Author(s):  
Ryo Naito ◽  
Darryl P Leong ◽  
Shrikant Ishver Bangdiwala ◽  
Martin McKee ◽  
S V Subramanian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Cardiovascular Death ◽  
High Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Risk Of Mortality ◽  
Middle Aged Adults

ObjectiveTo examine the association between social isolation and mortality and incident diseases in middle-aged adults in urban and rural communities from high-income, middle-income and low-income countries.DesignPopulation-based prospective observational study.SettingUrban and rural communities in 20 high income, middle income and low income.Participants119 894 community-dwelling middle-aged adults.Main outcome measuresAssociations of social isolation with mortality, cardiovascular death, non-cardiovascular death and incident diseases.ResultsSocial isolation was more common in middle-income and high-income countries compared with low-income countries, in urban areas than rural areas, in older individuals and among women, those with less education and the unemployed. It was more frequent among smokers and those with a poorer diet. Social isolation was associated with greater risk of mortality (HR of 1.26, 95% CI: 1.17 to 1.36), incident stroke (HR: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.07 to 1.40), cardiovascular disease (HR: 1.15, 95% CI: 1.05 to 1.25) and pneumonia (HR: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.09 to 1.37), but not cancer. The associations between social isolation and mortality were observed in populations in high-income, middle-income and low-income countries (HR (95% CI): 1.69 (1.32 to 2.17), 1.27 (1.15 to 1.40) and 1.47 (1.25 to 1.73), respectively, interaction p=0.02). The HR associated with social isolation was greater in men than women and in younger than older individuals. Mediation analyses for the association between social isolation and mortality showed that unhealthy behaviours and comorbidities may account for about one-fifth of the association.ConclusionSocial isolation is associated with increased risk of mortality in countries at different economic levels. The increasing share of older people in populations in many countries argues for targeted strategies to mitigate its adverse effects.

scholarly journals Cigarette: The Silent Killer in the World

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (9) ◽  
pp. 1624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamidreza Sadeghi Gandomani ◽  
Abed Asgari Tarazoj ◽  
Hamid Salehiniya
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Peer Review ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Tobacco Consumption ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The World ◽  
Control And Prevention

One of the main challenges of the 21st century is tobacco consumption, and in particular cigarette smoking (Control and Prevention, 2012). Cigarette smoking is a leading cause of death worldwide (Control and Prevention, 2011).About 1 billion people around the world (800 million men and 200 million women) are addicted to cigarette (WHO, 2015). The prevalence of smoking varies across different parts of the world; this variation is due to economic development and income levels. More than 80% of adult male smokers and half of adult female smokers live in low or middle-income countries  (Ng et al., 2014).Tobacco use kills more than 7 million people every year worldwide, and nearly 80% of these deaths occur in low-income countries (WHO, 2017). It is estimated that this figure will increase in 2030 (WHO, 2011). Tobacco use caused 100 million deaths in the 20th worldwide, if this trend continues, this figure will reach 1 billion by the end of the 21st century (Thun et al., 2013). Peer Review Details Peer review method: NO Peer-review policy Plagiarism software screening?: Yes Date of Original Submission: 7 September 2017 Date accepted: 13 September 2017 Peer reviewers approved by: Dr. Lili Hami Editor who approved publication: Dr. Phuc Van Pham  

scholarly journals Decentralized Renewable Hybrid Mini-Grids for Rural Communities: Culmination of the IREP Framework and Scale up to Urban Communities

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 7411
Author(s):  
Blessing Ugwoke ◽  
Adedoyin Adeleke ◽  
Stefano P. Corgnati ◽  
Joshua M. Pearce ◽  
Pierluigi Leone
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Business Model ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Economic Modeling ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Waste Biomass ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
Evaluation Tool ◽  
Business Model Canvas

The Integrated Rural Energy Planning (IREP) framework offers a unified road map for locating, planning and operating decentralized renewable hybrid off-grid energy systems for localized (rural) applications in low-income countries. This paper presents the culmination of the IREP framework and aims to illustrate the final step of the IREP framework for two communities in Nigeria. It is focused on two aspects. Firstly, the techno-economic modeling (investment and operation optimization) of a hybrid mini-grid system using HOMER Pro, a techno-economic evaluation tool; and evaluating the benefits of demand side management (DSM) based on energy efficiency on the overall system economics using a scenario-based approach. Secondly, the conceptualization of a sustainable business model using the business model canvas scheme to deliver measurable socio-economic impacts in these communities. The results provide valuable insights into rural electrification via renewable hybrid mini-grids powered primarily with solar photovoltaic technology. Transcending mere electricity access, electricity is provided for productive uses (considering disaggregated end-uses) by harnessing other dispatchable renewable energy resources such as waste biomass. Given high share of rural population in developing countries, these insights are applicable in these regions and further the realization of the United Nations’ goal of sustainable energy (SDG7) and sustainable cities and communities (SDG11).

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