Morphological observations and the effects of artificial digestive fluids on the survival of Diploscapter coronata from a Japanese patient

2006 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 341-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Morimoto ◽  
M. Korenaga ◽  
K. Yagyu ◽  
N. Kagei ◽  
M. Fujieda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Gastric Fluid ◽  
Culture Technique ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Japanese Female ◽  
Old Japanese ◽  
Free Living Nematode ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract ◽  
Schonlein Purpura

AbstractUnusual non-human parasitic nematodes and eggs were detected in the faeces of an 8-year-old Japanese female suffering from Henoch-Schönlein purpura. The worms were adult female rhabditiform nematodes measuring 325.6–441.2 μm in length and 18.3–26.5 μm in width. One pair of the labia oris was notched with many spiny projections, while the other pair was strongly curved outwards. The worms were identified using light and scanning electron microscopy as the free-living nematode Diploscapter coronata (Cobb) based on their characteristic morphology. The patient's faeces containing worms and eggs were cultured using a filter-paper culture technique and after 7 days of culture, male as well as female worms were recovered. Worm survival time and hatchability of the eggs were examined in vitro after treatment with an artificial gastric or intestinal fluid. Although adult worms survived for less than one minute, eggs hatched after treatment with artificial gastric fluid. This suggests that eggs accidentally ingested or produced by adult D. coronata could develop in the human gastro-intestinal tract. Some morphological features of male D. coronata are also described.

Bioavailability and Biological Disposition of Methaqualone*

1974 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert D Smyth ◽  
Pramod B Chemburkar ◽  
P P Mathur ◽  
A F DeLong ◽  
A Polk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Chronic Administration ◽  
Dosage Forms ◽  
In Vitro Dissolution ◽  
Elimination Kinetics ◽  
Solid Dosage ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract

The absorption of methaqualone from the gastro-intestinal tract is a dissolution—and not a permeability-rate limited process. Absorption from solution dosage forms can occur throughout the gastro-intestinal tract with maximum absorption from the intestine. Dissolution of solid dosage forms is favoured in the highly-acidic environment of the stomach and absorption of the in situ dissolved drug occurs in both stomach and upper small intestine. Methaqualone is found primarily in the plasma phase of whole blood and is highly bound to plasma proteins. The plasma elimination curve is biexponential with a rapid distributive phase and a slow elimination phase. The principle tissues of distribution are the metabolic and excretory tissues—liver and kidney — and lipid tissue. Metabolism occurs by hydroxylation of the methyl, tolyl and quinazolinone substituents via inducible hepatic microsomal oxidoreductases. Methaqualone is completely bio-transformed and excreted as O-glucuronide conjugates in urine and bile. Enterohepatic recirculation of metabolites occurs and is responsible for the prolonged urinary excretion profile. There is no change in absorption, distribution or elimination kinetics following chronic administration in man. Tablet and capsule formulations with good in vitro dissolution, stability and bioavailability characteristics were developed. Equivalent bioavailability of these tablet formulations was observed in the fasted and post-prandial state. Techniques were developed to correlate dissolution and absorption profiles of these formulations.

RNA interference in parasitic helminths: current situation, potential pitfalls and future prospects

Parasitology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 134 (5) ◽  
pp. 609-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. GELDHOF ◽  
A. VISSER ◽  
D. CLARK ◽  
G. SAUNDERS ◽  
C. BRITTON ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rna Interference ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Gene Knockdown ◽  
Future Application ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Parasitic Helminths ◽  
Rnai Treatment ◽  
Free Living Nematode ◽  
Invaluable Tool

SUMMARYRNA interference (RNAi) has become an invaluable tool for the functional analysis of genes in a wide variety of organisms including the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Recently, attempts have been made to apply this technology to parasitic helminths of animals and plants with variable success. Gene knockdown has been reported for Schistosoma mansoni by soaking or electroporating different life-stages in dsRNA. Similar approaches have been tested on parasitic nematodes which clearly showed that, under certain conditions, it was possible to interfere with gene expression. However, despite these successes, the current utility of this technology in parasite research is questionable. First, problems have arisen with the specificity of RNAi. Treatment of the parasites with dsRNA resulted, in many cases, in non-specific effects. Second, the current RNAi methods have a limited efficiency and effects are sometimes difficult to reproduce. This was especially the case in strongylid parasites where only a small number of genes were susceptible to RNAi-mediated gene knockdown. The future application of RNAi in parasite functional genomics will greatly depend on how we can overcome these difficulties. Optimization of the dsRNA delivery methods and in vitro culture conditions will be the major challenges.

The effect of digestive activity of pig gastro-intestinal tract on zeolite-rich rocks: An in vitro study

2016 ◽  
Vol 225 ◽  
pp. 133-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariano Mercurio ◽  
Piergiulio Cappelletti ◽  
Bruno de Gennaro ◽  
Maurizio de Gennaro ◽  
Fulvia Bovera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Vitro Study ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract ◽  
Digestive Activity

scholarly journals Liposome-Encapsulated Bacteriophages for Enhanced Oral Phage Therapy against Salmonella spp.

2015 ◽  
Vol 81 (14) ◽  
pp. 4841-4849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan Colom ◽  
Mary Cano-Sarabia ◽  
Jennifer Otero ◽  
Pilar Cortés ◽  
Daniel Maspoch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Positive Charge ◽  
Phage Therapy ◽  
Gastric Fluid ◽  
Simulated Gastric Fluid ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACTBacteriophages UAB_Phi20, UAB_Phi78, and UAB_Phi87 were encapsulated in liposomes, and their efficacy in reducingSalmonellain poultry was then studied. The encapsulated phages had a mean diameter of 309 to 326 nm and a positive charge between +31.6 and +35.1 mV (pH 6.1). In simulated gastric fluid (pH 2.8), the titer of nonencapsulated phages decreased by 5.7 to 7.8 log units, whereas encapsulated phages were significantly more stable, with losses of 3.7 to 5.4 log units. The liposome coating also improved the retention of bacteriophages in the chicken intestinal tract. When cocktails of the encapsulated and nonencapsulated phages were administered to broilers, after 72 h the encapsulated phages were detected in 38.1% of the animals, whereas the nonencapsulated phages were present in only 9.5%. The difference was significant. In addition, in anin vitroexperiment, the cecal contents of broilers promoted the release of the phages from the liposomes. In broilers experimentally infected withSalmonella, the daily administration of the two cocktails for 6 days postinfection conferred similar levels of protection againstSalmonellacolonization. However, once treatment was stopped, protection by the nonencapsulated phages disappeared, whereas that provided by the encapsulated phages persisted for at least 1 week, showing the enhanced efficacy of the encapsulated phages in protecting poultry againstSalmonellaover time. The methodology described here allows the liposome encapsulation of phages of different morphologies. The preparations can be stored for at least 3 months at 4°C and could be added to the drinking water and feed of animals.

Survival and metabolic activity of the GanedenBC30 strain of Bacillus coagulans in a dynamic in vitro model of the stomach and small intestine

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Maathuis ◽  
D. Keller ◽  
S. Farmer
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
In Vitro Model ◽  
Bacillus Coagulans ◽  
Protein Digestion ◽  
Vitro Model ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract ◽  
Carbohydrate Digestion

We have investigated the survival and activity of GanedenBC30 during passage through the upper gastro-intestinal tract. GanedenBC30 was tested in a dynamic, validated, in vitro model of the stomach and small intestine (TIM-1) on survival and its potential to aid in digestion of milk protein, lactose and fructose. The survival of GanedenBC30 was high (70%), although germination of the spores was minimal (<10%) under the conditions tested. Survival of the strain in the presence of lactose and fructose was markedly lower (56-59%) than in the absence of the sugars. The amount of digested milk protein available for absorption was somewhat higher (+0.2 g) when GanedenBC30 was added to the milk. When GanedenBC30 was tested with lactose or fructose added to the meal, the cumulative amount of lactate produced was slightly higher (+0.12-0.18 mmol) compared to the GanedenBC30 alone. In conclusion, although the differences in survival of GanedenBC30 are small, these results show the potential of GanedenBC30 to aid in protein digestion and in the digestion of lactose and fructose. If a larger fraction of the Bacillus coagulans cells had germinated, the influence on protein and carbohydrate digestion would probably have been much greater. Importance of the findings: the potential of GanedenBC30 to aid in the digestion of lactose and fructose could be used to prevent occurrence of intestinal symptoms in individuals sensitive to these carbohydrates.

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