scholarly journals Assessment of cardiometabolic risk in children in population studies: underpinning developmental origins of health and disease mother–offspring cohort studies

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.-C. Huang ◽  
Susan L. Prescott ◽  
Keith M. Godfrey ◽  
Elizabeth A. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Cardiometabolic Risk ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Developmental Origins ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Cardiometabolic Disorders ◽  
Health And Disease

AbstractPregnancy and birth cohorts have been utilised extensively to investigate the developmental origins of health and disease, particularly in relation to understanding the aetiology of obesity and related cardiometabolic disorders. Birth and pregnancy cohorts have been utilised extensively to investigate this area of research. The aim of the present review was twofold: first to outline the necessity of measuring cardiometabolic risk in children; and second to outline how it can be assessed. The major outcomes thought to have an important developmental component are CVD, insulin resistance and related metabolic outcomes. Conditions such as the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and CHD all tend to have peak prevalence in middle-aged and older individuals but assessments of cardiometabolic risk in childhood and adolescence are important to define early causal factors and characterise preventive measures. Typically, researchers investigating prospective cohort studies have relied on the thesis that cardiovascular risk factors, such as dyslipidaemia, hypertension and obesity, track from childhood into adult life. The present review summarises some of the evidence that these factors, when measured in childhood, may be of value in assessing the risk of adult cardiometabolic disease, and as such proceeds to describe some of the methods for assessing cardiometabolic risk in children.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of vitamin D in health and disease

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sihe Wang
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Laboratory Evaluation ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Reference Ranges ◽  
Health And Disease

Results from ecological, case–control and cohort studies have shown that vitamin D reduces the risk of bone fracture, falls, autoimmune diseases, type 2 diabetes, CVD and cancer. However, there is still epidemic vitamin D insufficiency especially among individuals living at high latitudes or with dark skin. Serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) are considered the best biomarker of vitamin D nutritional status. Appropriate sunshine exposure or oral supplementation is necessary to maintain sufficient vitamin D status, which is generally accepted as serum 25(OH)D>75 nmol/l. Immunoassays, especially RIA, have been primarily used to measure serum 25(OH)D while liquid chromatography–MS (LC–MS) is considered the ‘gold standard’. There is significant disparity among the immunoassays, and all immunoassays have considerable bias compared with LC–MS methods. Because of the variations among the results from these different assays, it is necessary that assay-specific reference ranges be established or standardisation of the assays take place. The present review focuses on ecological, case–control, and cohort studies that investigated the role of vitamin D in health and disease. In addition, analytical techniques used in laboratory evaluation of vitamin D nutritional status are also critically reviewed. The majority of the literature included in the present review is selected from that searchable in PubMed up to the end of September 2008.

scholarly journals Developmental Programming of the Metabolic Syndrome: Can We Reprogram with Resveratrol?

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 2584 ◽  
Author(s):  
You-Lin Tain ◽  
Chien-Ning Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Molecular Targets ◽  
Developmental Programming ◽  
Developmental Origins ◽  
Polyphenolic Compound ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Health And Disease

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a mounting epidemic worldwide. MetS can start in early life, in a microenvironment that is now known as the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD). The concept of DOHaD also offers opportunities for reprogramming strategies that aim to reverse programming processes in early life. Resveratrol, a polyphenolic compound has a wide spectrum of beneficial effects on human health. In this review, we first summarize the epidemiological and experimental evidence supporting the developmental programming of MetS. This review also presents an overview of the evidence linking different molecular targets of resveratrol to developmental programming of MetS-related disorders. This will be followed by studies documenting resveratrol as a reprogramming agent to protect against MetS-related disorders. Further clinical studies are required in order to bridge the gap between animal models and clinical trials in order to establish the effective dose and therapeutic duration for resveratrol as a reprogramming therapy on MetS disorders from developmental origins.

A cautionary note on using Mendelian randomization to examine the Barker hypothesis and Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD)

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Shannon D’Urso ◽  
Geng Wang ◽  
Liang-Dar Hwang ◽  
Gunn-Helen Moen ◽  
Nicole M. Warrington ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiometabolic Risk ◽  
Mendelian Randomization ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Developmental Origins ◽  
Phenotypic Data ◽  
Barker Hypothesis ◽  
Maternal Genotype ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Offspring Genotype ◽  
Health And Disease

Abstract Recent studies have used Mendelian randomization (MR) to investigate the observational association between low birth weight (BW) and increased risk of cardiometabolic outcomes, specifically cardiovascular disease, glycemic traits, and type 2 diabetes (T2D), and inform on the validity of the Barker hypothesis. We used simulations to assess the validity of these previous MR studies, and to determine whether a better formulated model can be used in this context. Genetic and phenotypic data were simulated under a model of no direct causal effect of offspring BW on cardiometabolic outcomes and no effect of maternal genotype on offspring cardiometabolic risk through intrauterine mechanisms; where the observational relationship between BW and cardiometabolic risk was driven entirely by horizontal genetic pleiotropy in the offspring (i.e. offspring genetic variants affecting both BW and cardiometabolic disease simultaneously rather than a mechanism consistent with the Barker hypothesis). We investigated the performance of four commonly used MR analysis methods (weighted allele score MR (WAS-MR), inverse variance weighted MR (IVW-MR), weighted median MR (WM-MR), and MR-Egger) and a new approach, which tests the association between maternal genotypes related to offspring BW and offspring cardiometabolic risk after conditioning on offspring genotype at the same loci. We caution against using traditional MR analyses, which do not take into account the relationship between maternal and offspring genotypes, to assess the validity of the Barker hypothesis, as results are biased in favor of a causal relationship. In contrast, we recommend the aforementioned conditional analysis framework utilizing maternal and offspring genotypes as a valid test of not only the Barker hypothesis, but also to investigate hypotheses relating to the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease more broadly.

scholarly journals Health in Transition: Translating developmental origins of health and disease science to improve future health in Africa

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Awareness ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Research Capacity ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
Developmental Origins ◽  
Future Health ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Health And Disease

At STIAS, the ‘Health in Transition’ theme includes a programme to address the epidemic rise in the incidence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as Type 2 diabetes, hypertension, obesity, coronary heart disease and stroke in Africa. The aim is to advance awareness, research capacity and knowledge translation of science related to the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) as a means of preventing NCDs in future generations. Application of DOHaD science is a promising avenue for prevention, as this field is identifying how health and nutrition from conception through the first 1 000 days of life can dramatically impact a developing individual’s future life course, and specifically predicate whether or not they are programmed in infancy to develop NCDs in later life. Prevention of NCDs is an essential strategy as, if unchecked, the burden of caring for a growing and ageing population with these diseases threatens to consume entire health budgets, as well as negatively impact the quality of life of millions. Africa in particular needs specific, focussed endeavors to realize the maximal preventive potential of DOHaD science, and a means of generating governmental and public awareness about the links between health in infancy and disease in adult life. This volume summarizes the expertise and experience of a leading group of international scientists led by Abdallah Daar brought together at STIAS as part of the ‘Health in Transition’ programme.

scholarly journals Maternal vitamin D deficiency and developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD)

2019 ◽  
Vol 241 (2) ◽  
pp. R65-R80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Folami Y Ideraabdullah ◽  
Anthony M Belenchia ◽  
Cheryl S Rosenfeld ◽  
Seth W Kullman ◽  
Megan Knuth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Later Life ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fetal Life ◽  
Developmental Origins ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Cardiometabolic Disorders ◽  
Health And Disease

Vitamin D is an essential nutrient that is metabolized in the body to generate an active metabolite (1,25(OH)2D) with hormone-like activity and highly diverse roles in cellular function. Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is a prevalent but easily preventable nutritional disturbance. Emerging evidence demonstrates the importance of sufficient vitamin D concentrations during fetal life with deficiencies leading to long-term effects into adulthood. Here, we provide a detailed review and perspective of evidence for the role of maternal VDD in offspring long-term health, particularly as it relates to developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD). We focus on the roles in neurobehavioral and cardiometabolic disorders in humans and highlight recent findings from zebrafish and rodent models that probe potential mechanisms linking early life VDD to later life health outcomes. Moreover, we explore evidence implicating epigenetic mechanisms as a mediator of this link. Gaps in our current understanding of how maternal VDD might result in deleterious offspring outcomes later in life are also addressed.

scholarly journals Epidemiological evidence for the developmental origins of health and disease: effects of prenatal undernutrition in humans

2019 ◽  
Vol 242 (1) ◽  
pp. T135-T144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tessa J Roseboom
Keyword(s):  
Adult Life ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Developmental Origins ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Epidemiological Evidence ◽  
Prenatal Undernutrition ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Function ◽  
Size At Birth

This paper describes the findings of studies among men and women who were born around the time of the Dutch famine of 1944–1945, investigating the effects of undernutrition during critical periods of development on later health and disease. The Dutch famine was remarkable in several ways and its unique features have allowed scientists to investigate the long-term consequences of prenatal undernutrition in humans. The effects of undernutrition depended on its timing during gestation, and the organs and tissues undergoing critical periods of development at that time. Early gestation appeared to be the most vulnerable. The effects of famine were widespread and affected the structure and function of many organs and tissues, resulted in altered behaviour and increased risks of chronic degenerative diseases, which in turn led to reduced participation in the labour market and increased mortality. Also, the effects of famine were independent of size at birth, which suggests that programming may occur without altering size at birth. Studies in other settings show that those faced with undernutrition during the critical earliest stages of development have increased rates of chronic generative disease in adult life. This suggests that these findings reflect biologically fundamental processes that describe human plasticity. These findings teach us the fundamental importance of a good start in life. Adequately feeding women before and during pregnancy will allow future generations to reach their full potential and lead healthier and more productive lives, ultimately leading to healthier and more equal future.

scholarly journals Stresse infantil, morbilidade e mortalidade no sítio arqueológico do Neolítico Final/Calcolítico (4ª e 3º milénio a.C) do Monte do Carrascal 2 (Ferreira do Alentejo, Beja)

2020 ◽  
pp. 873-884
Author(s):  
Liliana Matias de Carvalho ◽  
Sofia N. Wasterlain
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Special Care ◽  
Developmental Origins ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Late Neolithic ◽  
Childhood Stress ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Age Of Death

Children go through various stages of development and growth. The Barker and Osmond “Developmental Origins of Health and Disease” hypothesis states that the stress episodes suffered in intrauterine/early childhood life have negative consequences in adulthood (propensity to diseases and anticipation of the age of death). In order to estimate the frequency of childhood stress in a sample of the Late Neolithic/Chalcolithic and understand its impact on the adult life of individuals, a sample of Monte do Carrascal 2 (Ferreira do Alentejo, Beja) was analysed following the methodology of Reid and Dean (2000, 2006). The individuals in the sample do not present many signs of childhood stress, suggesting a special care taken upon the younger members of the community.

scholarly journals Metabolic benefits of dietary prebiotics in human subjects: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials

2013 ◽  
Vol 111 (7) ◽  
pp. 1147-1161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole J. Kellow ◽  
Melinda T. Coughlan ◽  
Christopher M. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Randomised Controlled Trials ◽  
Postprandial Glucose ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Metabolic Abnormalities ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Cardiometabolic Disorders ◽  
Randomised Controlled

Complex relationships exist between the gut microflora and their human hosts. Emerging evidence suggests that bacterial dysbiosis within the colon may be involved in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and CVD. The use of dietary prebiotic supplements to restore an optimal balance of intestinal flora may positively affect host metabolism, representing a potential treatment strategy for individuals with cardiometabolic disorders. The present review aimed to examine the current evidence supporting that dietary prebiotic supplementation in adults has beneficial effects on biochemical parameters associated with the development of metabolic abnormalities including obesity, glucose intolerance, dyslipidaemia, hepatic steatosis and low-grade chronic inflammation. Between January 2000 and September 2013, eight computer databases were searched for randomised controlled trials published in English. Human trials were included if at least one group received a dietary prebiotic intervention. In the present review, twenty-six randomised controlled trials involving 831 participants were included. Evidence indicated that dietary prebiotic supplementation increased self-reported feelings of satiety in healthy adults (standardised mean difference − 0·57, 95 % CI − 1·13, − 0·01). Prebiotic supplementation also significantly reduced postprandial glucose ( − 0·76, 95 % CI − 1·41, − 0·12) and insulin ( − 0·77, 95 % CI − 1·50, − 0·04) concentrations. The effects of dietary prebiotics on total energy intake, body weight, peptide YY and glucagon-like peptide-1 concentrations, gastric emptying times, insulin sensitivity, lipids, inflammatory markers and immune function were contradictory. Dietary prebiotic consumption was found to be associated with subjective improvements in satiety and reductions in postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations. Additional evidence is required before recommending prebiotic supplements to individuals with metabolic abnormalities. Large-scale trials of longer duration evaluating gut microbial growth and activity are required.

Study Upon the Serum Level of Uric Acid and the Metabolic Syndrome Components

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 1062-1066
Author(s):  
Maria Rada ◽  
Delia Berceanu-Vaduva ◽  
Milan Velimirovici ◽  
Simona Dragan ◽  
Daniel Duda-Seiman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Serum Level ◽  
Abdominal Obesity ◽  
Cardiometabolic Risk ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Direct Association ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome Components

The serum level of uric acid (UA) appears to be associated with a variety of cardiometabolic risk factors; however, direct association with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) remains controversial. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between serum levels of UA and the components that define MetS, differentiated by gender. 262 patients were enrolled (132 women and 130 men); mean value of the age: 58.7�16 year. Hyperuricemia was considered when the level of serum UA �7mg/dL in men, and � 6mg/dL in women; MetS was defined according to the IDF criteria. The prevalence of MetS in the studied group was 35.11% and the prevalence of hyperuricemia was 16.79%. Men with hyperuricemia had the highest prevalence of abdominal obesity (87.5% vs. 66.32%, p [0.001) and hypertriglyceridemia (65.62% vs. 45.91%, p [ 0.001) versus men with normal level of serum UA. Women with hyperuricemia also had a significantly higher incidence of abdominal obesity (75% vs. 57.51%, p [0.001), hypertriglyceridemia (58.33% vs. 38.33%, p [0.001), decreased HDL (50% vs. 33.33%, p [0.001) and hyperglycemia (66.66% versus 50%, p [0.001) compared to those with normal levels of serum UA. The majority of men with hyperuricemia have more than 4 of the MetS components. Hyperuricemia had a higher prevalence in patients with MetS, it may be considered as a causal factor of MetS. Elevated levels of serum uric acid were significantly more associated with the increasing number of MetS components. Early detection and treatment of hyperuricemia is essential for preventing the metabolic syndrome and its complications.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document