Management of Ventenata dubia in the inland Pacific Northwest with indaziflam

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 223-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay E. Koby ◽  
Timothy S. Prather ◽  
Harold Quicke ◽  
Jared Beuschlein ◽  
Ian C. Burke
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Minimal Impact ◽  
Weedy Species ◽  
Winter Annual ◽  
Cover Class ◽  
Visual Assessments

AbstractVentenata [Ventenata dubia (Leers) Cross] is a winter annual grass relatively new to the inland Pacific Northwest that is capable of displacing desired vegetation. Indaziflam was evaluated for the management of V. dubia on two Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) sites near Moscow, ID, and Pullman, WA. While perennial grasses were dormant, applications of indaziflam in mixture with various herbicides were made in spring 2016. Treatment effects were evaluated for 2 yr by visual assessments of community composition and canopy cover of V. dubia and other non-weedy species (assessments occurred 3 to 6 mo after treatment, depending on location) and by representative cover class assessments. Biomass samples of all plant species were collected in the summer of 2017. Reduced V. dubia cover was observed in 2016, except when glyphosate was used alone. In 2017 indaziflam applied alone or in mixture with rimsulfuron effectively controlled V. dubia with minimal impact on desirable vegetation. Plant biomass from nontreated plots averaged 40 g m−2 for V. dubia and 100 to 179 g m−2 for perennial grasses. Plant biomass averaged <11 g m−2 for V. dubia and 371 to 490 g m−2 for perennial grasses when indaziflam at 102 g ai ha−1 plus glyphosate at 474 g ai ha−1 was applied. Smooth brome (Bromus inermis Leyss.) biomass was positively associated with the reduction of V. dubia, and there was a decrease in diversity associated with the removal of V. dubia through effective treatments. Indaziflam is an effective tool for the management of V. dubia in perennial grass stands, and spring applications of indaziflam should be in mixture with herbicides with POST activity.

Sustainable grazing systems for the Central Tablelands of New South Wales. 1. Agronomic implications of vegetation - environment associations within a naturalised temperate perennial grassland

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 439 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. McG. King ◽  
P. M. Dowling ◽  
D. L. Michalk ◽  
D. R. Kemp ◽  
G. D. Millar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Recent Change ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Winter Annual

Temperate perennial grass-based pastures dominate the high rainfall zone of south-eastern Australia and support a major livestock production industry. This area has experienced a recent change in overall pasture condition, however, typified by a reduction in the abundance of perennial grasses and an increasingly prominent winter-annual grass weed component. Improving the condition and productivity of these pastures can be achieved by improved management but this requires better knowledge of the interactions between management options and pasture species composition and of the interaction between pasture vegetation and the complex effects of a heterogeneous landscape. This paper reports the results of an intensive survey of a 60-ha paddock that was designed to identify the species present, determine their patterns of distribution and examine the relationships between pasture vegetation and the environment. The survey of species present in late summer was supplemented by the identification of seedlings that later emerged from extracted soil cores and by soil physical and chemical analyses. Data were analysed using ordination and interpreted with GIS software so that topographic features could be considered. The most frequently identified taxa were Hypochaeris radicata, Austrodanthonia spp. and Bothriochloa spp. (in late summer) and Vulpia spp., Bromus molliformis and Trifolium subterraneum (winter-annual species). Austrodanthonia spp. were commonly found on the drier ridges and more acid soils with lower phosphate levels. These were also the areas dominated in spring by Vulpia spp. and were generally lower in plant species richness overall. The most species-rich areas occurred downslope where soil fertility was higher and less moisture stress was presumably experienced. The measured environmental factors explained a substantial proportion of the variation in the vegetation dataset, which underlined the importance of considering landscape effects in the management of typical tablelands pastures.

The response to moisture and defoliation stresses, and traits for resilience of perennial grasses on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 903 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. Boschma ◽  
M. J. Hill ◽  
J. M. Scott ◽  
G. G. Rapp
Keyword(s):  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Moderate Drought

A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of defoliation and moisture stresses on perennial pasture grasses and to identify traits associated with their resilience. The experiment, conducted near Armidale on the Northern Tablelands of NSW, studied 4 introduced perennial grass species (Phalaris aquatica, Festuca arundinacea, Dactylis glomerata, and Lolium perenne) and 2 native grass species (Microlaena stipoides and Austrodanthonia richardsonii) subjected to 3 moisture regimes (non-stress moisture, moderate drought, and severe drought) and 2 defoliation intensities (severe and moderate). Basal area, herbage mass, phenological growth stage, nitrogen concentration, root mass, and rooting depth were compared over 2 independent 6-month periods: spring–summer (1 September 1994–28 February 1995) and summer–autumn (1 December 1994–31 May 1995). Multiple regression was used to determine which traits were important for determining plant resilience.The differences between species and their respective responses were evident in the traits measured. In general, basal area tended to increase over summer and show little change during autumn. Severe defoliation stimulated plant growth, resulting in higher harvested herbage mass than from those moderately defoliated. Reproductive development was suppressed by severe drought and reduced by moderate drought. Severe defoliation suppressed flowering of Dactylis and Lolium at both drought intensities, compared with moderate defoliation. Phalaris, Festuca, and Austrodanthonia were the deepest rooting species during spring–summer, and Dactylis the shallowest. All species had similar rooting depths during summer–autumn, with those under severe and moderate drought having the deepest and shallowest rooting, respectively.Carbohydrate reserves and basal area were important traits for determining plant resilience during spring–summer. During summer–autumn, maintaining basal area and plant biomass through moderate grazing was important for resilience.

scholarly journals Comparing the Biomass Yield and Biogas Potential of Phragmites australis with Miscanthus x giganteus and Panicum virgatum Grown in Canada

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurtis Baute ◽  
Laura Van Eerd ◽  
Darren Robinson ◽  
Peter Sikkema ◽  
Maryam Mushtaq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phragmites Australis ◽  
Panicum Virgatum ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Methane Yield ◽  
Miscanthus X Giganteus ◽  
Volatile Solids ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Increasing Demand

The production of bioenergy from plant biomass has the potential to reduce fossil fuel use. The number of biogas facilities around the world has risen dramatically, increasing demand for feedstocks. In this study the invasive perennial grass Phragmites australis was evaluated as a biogas feedstock in comparison with Miscanthus x giganteus and Panicum virgatum. Results from three field sites for each species demonstrated that biomass yields for P. australis averaged approximately 1.82 ± 0.9 kg dry matter (DM) m−2, comparable to that of M. x giganteus. Yield of P. australis was greater than P. virgatum, which ranged from 0.49 ± 0.06 to 0.69 ± 0.07 kg DM m−2 in July and October, respectively. In mesophilic bench-top digester experiments, methane yields were greater for July-harvested material than for October, ranging from 172.4 ± 15.3 to 229.8 ± 15.2 L CH4 kg−1 volatile solids (VS) for all perennial grasses. Methane yields per hectare were highest for October-harvested M. x giganteus, followed by July-harvested M. x giganteus and P. australis, whereas methane yield from P. virgatum at both harvest times was lower than the other two species. These results suggest that P. australis is not an economically viable biogas feedstock without pre-treatment to improve methane yield.

Propoxycarbazone-Sodium and Imazapic Effects on Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum) and Newly Seeded Perennial Grasses

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo M. Sbatella ◽  
Robert G. Wilson ◽  
Stephen F. Enloe ◽  
Charlie Hicks
Keyword(s):  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Intermediate Wheatgrass ◽  
Psathyrostachys Juncea ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Russian Wildrye

AbstractVigorous stands of perennial grasses can effectively provide long-term control of many invasive plants on rangelands. However, in degraded conditions, successful reestablishment of perennial grasses can be compromised by invasive annual grasses, such as downy brome. Propoxycarbazone-sodium is a selective herbicide currently labeled for downy brome control in small grains, but its potential use on rangelands is unknown. Studies were conducted from 2004 through 2008 at three rangeland sites in Colorado and Nebraska to evaluate downy brome control and perennial grass injury with propoxycarbazone-sodium and imazapic. Propoxycarbazone-sodium provided satisfactory downy brome control with grass injury equal to or less than imazapic when rainfall followed the fall application. A second set of studies was conducted from 2007 to 2008 at Lingle, WY, and Scottsbluff, NE, to determine the plant-back interval and postemergence application response of seven perennial grass species to propoxycarbazone-sodium and imazapic. Grass tolerance to both herbicides was good when applied 90 and 120 d before planting (DBP). However, grass injury increased as plant-back interval decreased. The greatest impact on plant biomass was observed from herbicide applied at planting or after planting. Crested and intermediate wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatumandThinopyrum intermedium) biomass production was not affected when herbicides were applied 90 or 120 DBP. Western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii) and Russian wildrye (Psathyrostachys juncea) showed tolerance to imazapic applied before planting. Smooth brome (Bromus inermis), sheep fescue (Festuca ovina), and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata) showed the least amount of tolerance to propoxycarbazone-sodium and imazapic.

Medusahead Control with Fall- and Spring-Applied Herbicides on Northern Utah Foothills

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 653-658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Monaco ◽  
Travis M. Osmond ◽  
Steven A. Dewey
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Primary Concern ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Bare Ground ◽  
Prescribed Burns ◽  
Northern Utah ◽  
Winter Annual ◽  
Second Year

Medusahead is an aggressive, nonnative, winter annual grass that infests rangelands in the western United States. Its ability to rapidly spread, outcompete native vegetation, and destroy forage potential is a primary concern for landowners and land managers exposed to this weed. Prescribed burns were conducted at a low- and high-litter site in northern Utah prior to conducting experiments to evaluate the effects of fall and spring applications of sulfometuron at 39 or 79 g ai/ha and imazapic at 70 or 140 g ai/ha on medusahead and associated perennial grasses, annual and perennial forbs, and bare ground cover. Large differences in pretreatment medusahead litter between the sites resulted in less surface area burning at the low-litter site (∼10%) compared to the high-litter site (∼80%). Higher herbicide rates significantly increased medusahead control and bare ground cover; however, this rate affect largely depended on site, season, and herbicide. The low- and high-litter sites did not differ significantly in perennial grass cover 2 yr after burning. Annual forb cover was greater, but perennial forb cover was lower at the low-litter site compared to the high-litter site. Several treatment combinations were identified as having the potential to maintain greater than 50% medusahead control in the second year after herbicide applications. These results collectively demonstrate that potential exists to successfully control medusahead and produce a window of opportunity to reintroduce a greater abundance of perennial species back into the plant community via seeding.

Clearing savannas for use as rangelands in Queensland: altered landscapes and water-erosion processes

2002 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 83 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Ludwig ◽  
D. Tongway
Keyword(s):  
Woody Debris ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Woodland Birds ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Tree Layer ◽  
Open Woodland

This paper presents a framework and some examples of how tree clearing alters landscapes (vegetation structure and faunal habitat) and processes (run-off and soil erosion) for eucalypt savannas in Queensland. Unaltered savannas have a tree-layer and a well-covered ground-layer of perennial grasses, and they provide habitats favoured by a variety of open woodland birds, reptiles and small mammals. Because unaltered savannas have a high ground-cover, they have low rates of run-off and erosion. When savannas are chained, but otherwise unaltered, trees rapidly regrow and increase in canopy cover. The exotic buffel grass often establishes in chained regrowth (especially if grazed), although the cover of native grasses such as black speargrass remains high (unless heavily grazed). We found that open woodland birds declined on these chained regrowth sites, except for the Weebill, which increased in abundance. When savannas are cleared of trees and woody debris and developed as improved pasture systems, both exotic and native perennial grass increased in cover. However, open woodland fauna abundance declined whereas grassland fauna such as the Red-backed Fairy-wren and the House Mouse increased in abundance. If these pasture sites are heavily utilised by livestock so that ground-cover is reduced, rates of run-off and soil loss are likely to rapidly increase, especially as cover declines below 40%. These run-off and erosion findings suggest that the manner in which savanna landscapes are cleared and subsequently used will have flow-on effects at catchment scales.

Competition among seedlings of perennial grasses, subterranean clover, white clover, and annual ryegrass in replacement series mixtures

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 377 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Lodge
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Plant Competition ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Estimates ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Replacement Series ◽  
Successful Establishment

Seedlings of 3 perennial grasses, Danthonia linkii Kunthcv. Bunderra, D. richardsonii Cashmore cv. Taranna(wallaby grasses), and Phalaris aquatica L. cv. Sirosa,were each grown in replacement series mixtures with seedlings ofTrifolium repens L. (white clover),Trifolium subterraneum L. var. brachycalycinum (Katzn.et Morley) Zorahy & Heller cv. Clare (subterraneanclover), and Lolium rigidum L. (annual ryegrass). Plantswere sown 5 cm apart in boxes (45 by 29 by 20 cm) at a density of 307plants/m2. Maximum likelihood estimates were usedto derive parameters of a non-linear competition model using the dry matterweights of perennial grasses and competitors at 3 harvests, approximately 168,216, and 271 days after sowing. Intra-plant competition was examined inmonocultures of each species, grown at plant spacings of 2, 5, and 8 cm apartwith plants harvested at the above times.Competition occurred in all perennial grass–competitor mixtures, exceptin those of each perennial grass with white clover and thephalaris–subterranean clover mixture (Harvest 1) and those withD. richardsonii and phalaris grown with white clover(Harvest 2). For D. richardsonii (Harvests 1 and 2) andD. linkii (Harvest 1 only) grown with white clover andthe phalaris–subterranean clover (Harvest 1), the two species in themixture were not competing. In the phalaris–white clover mixture, eachspecies was equally competitive (Harvests 1 and 2). These differences incompetition and aggressiveness reflected differences in individual plantweights in monocultures where there was an effect (P < 0.05) of species ondry matter weight per box, but no significant effect of plant spacing.These data indicated that for successful establishment,D. richardsonii and D. linkiishould not be sown in swards with either subterranean clover or white clover,or where populations of annual ryegrass seedlings are likely to be high.Phalaris was more compatible with both white clover and subterranean clover,but aggressively competed with by annual ryegrass.

Satellite derived maps of pasture growth status: association of classification with botanical composition

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 547 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Vickery ◽  
M. J. Hill ◽  
G. E. Donald
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Vegetation Indices ◽  
Fast Growth ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Bayesian Probability ◽  
Cumulative Probability ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Native Pastures

Summary. Spectral data from the green, red and near-infrared bands of Landsat MSS and Landsat TM satellite imagery acquired in mid-spring were classified into 3 and 6 pasture growth classes respectively. The classifications were compared with a site database of botanical composition for the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales to examine the association between spectral growth class and pasture composition. Pastures ranged in composition from unimproved native perennial grasses through semi-improved mixtures of native and naturalised grasses and legumes to highly improved temperate perennial grasses and legumes. For 3 years of MSS data, the fast growth class had a mean botanical composition of about 80% improved perennial grass and 0% native; medium growth class averaged 46% improved perennial grass and 14% native; while the slow growth class had about 60% native and 1% improved perennial grass when averaged over 3 years of MSS data. For the 6 class TM data from a single year, a predictive logistic regression of cumulative probability was developed for percentage of ‘very fast’ growth pixels and ordered 10 percentile categories of improved perennial grass or native grass. Differences in patch characteristics between classes with MSS disappeared with TM reclassified to the same 3 class level. Most probable pasture type was inferred from 3 class MSS and TM data using Bayesian probability analysis. The resulting maps were similar in general appearance but detail was better with the TM data. The pasture growth classification identified highly improved perennial grass pastures and native pastures but sensitivity to intermediate pasture types was poor. Future improvement will come from direct measurement of biophysical characteristics using vegetation indices or inversion of reflectance models.

Sources of valuable traits for perennial grass breeding

2021 ◽  
pp. 78-89
Author(s):  
LZ Baistruk-Hlodan ◽  
MM Кhomiak ◽  
HZ Zhapaleu
Keyword(s):  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Starting Material ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Galega Orientalis

Aim. The purpose was to identify collection accessions – sources of valuable traits to use as starting material for creating varieties of perennial grasses in Western Ukraine. Results and Discussion. Perennial grasses play an essential role in improving the efficiency of forage production. They produce a fodder mass that contains major macro- and micronutrients, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, and other nutrients in available forms, with a high energy protein saturation. Practice shows that due to the introduction of varietal crops into production in combination with optimal technologies of their cultivation, which allows revealing the potential of each variety, it is possible to additionally obtain 20-30% higher yields of fodder mass annually and harvest 2 to 3-fold seed yields. In 2016-2020, a search was carried out and 570 new accessions of perennial grasses were recruited, of which 201 were legumes and 369 were graminaceous grasses. The collection contains 1,319 accessions, of which 232 are Trifolium pratense L., 115 are Trifolium repens L., 49 are Trifolium hybridum L., 107 are Lotus corniculatus L., 80 belong to other legume species (Medicago, Galega orientalis L. Galega orientalis L. and Trifolium species), 131 are Phleum pratense L., 187 are Dactylis glomerata L., 146 are Lolium perenne L., 53 are Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) J. et C.Presl., 67 are Festuca rubra L., 28 are Festuca trachyphylla L., 32 are Bromopsis inermis (Leyss.) Holub, 92 belong to other species of other types of graminaceous grasses (Festuca pratensis Huds., Festuca arundinacea Schreb., Agrostis alba L. etc.). Accessions that enter the Department are registered and sown for propagation in the field. After examination, valuable accessions are transferred to the National Depository and registered in the National Catalogue; the rest of the obtained seeds are used in working collections. Conclusions. The best collection accessions were identified by a set of economically valuable traits: sources of daily growth of shoots (30), winter hardiness (28), plant height (22), yield of green mass upon haymaking (28) and pasture (19) use, forage productivity (15), seed productivity (25), foliage (21), and disease resistance (23). They can be recommended as starting material to create varieties of perennial grasses with high yields of forage mass and seeds for various applications.

scholarly journals Green house studies on the biology of winter annual grasses and the use of cover crops and herbicides for their control

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 139-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
JD Ranjit ◽  
R Bellinder ◽  
C Benidict ◽  
V Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Biological Study ◽  
Cornell University ◽  
Green House ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Winter Annual ◽  
Preemergence Herbicides

Greenhouse studies were initiated in two small (Polypogon fugox) and large (Phalaris minor) seeded annual grasses in 2007 at Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA. These two annual grasses were very common in wheat fields of midhills and terai regions of Nepal. P fugox was taken for biological study. Days to emergence took 8-11 days in green house. Early emerged panicles were longer than those emerged late. Panicle took 10-12 days to emerge completely from the flag leaf. Panicles per plant were 120. Seeds were very small having about 1091 seeds per panicle. So one fully matured plant could produce seeds about 130920. Study on eco-biology needs to continue in the future. P fugox and P minor responded differently to buckwheat residues. Among different treatments emergence and growth of both weeds were suppressed more by buckwheat residues when left on the surface than incorporated. P minor was less affected by buckwheat residues. It might be due to larger seed compared to P fugox. Post emergence herbicides clodinofop and pinoxaden were effective on both grasses. Isoproturon and tralkoxydim were effective on P fugox. Sulfosulfuron was good in reducing plant growth to some extent. Preemergence herbicides pendimethalin and s-metolochlor were effective in reducing emergence and growth of both weeds. Isoproturon and and sulfosulfuron suppressed plant growth reducing dry plant biomass. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajn.v2i0.7529 Agronomy Journal of Nepal (Agron JN) Vol. 2: 2011 pp.139-148

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