The historical origins of old-age pension schemes

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Aline Grünewald
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Old Age ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Political Incentives ◽  
The World ◽  
Colonial Legacies ◽  
Old Age Pensions ◽  
Coverage Rates ◽  
Historical Origins

Abstract Old-age pensions are the most widespread social security programmes around the world. While many case studies have focused on the historical origins of old-age pensions, global and comparative studies are limited mainly due to missing data. To address this shortcoming, this article introduces the novel PENLEG dataset (Pension Legislation around the World, 1880–2010), which comprises data on: (1) the timing of the first pension introductions; (2) the pension design; (3) the mode of financing; (4) eligibility criteria; (5) benefit generosity and (6) coverage rates for all independent countries. Additionally, the article describes global pension patterns and highlights case evidence. It shows that economic development strategies, political incentives to bind citizens to the state, administrative reasons as well as colonial legacies and the Soviet model of social security have strongly affected the origins of old-age pensions.

From Benefits and Beneficiaries: The Historical Origins of Old-Age Pensions From a Political Regime Perspective

2021 ◽  
pp. 001041402198976
Author(s):  
Aline Grünewald
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
Welfare Programs ◽  
Colonial Legacy ◽  
Pension Coverage ◽  
Old Age Pensions ◽  
Coverage Rates ◽  
Nondemocratic Regimes ◽  
Historical Origins

Global studies on the historical origins of old-age pensions from a political regime perspective are quite rare. Based on the novel PENLEG dataset this article shows that democratic and nondemocratic regimes had different policy priorities when designing old-age pensions for the first time. Whereas democracies had significantly higher legal pension coverage rates than nondemocratic regimes, the reverse pattern can be found for pension replacement rates. The study also shows that temporal effects and colonial legacy mattered. Longstanding democracies introduced much higher legal pension coverage rates than countries that had recently democratized. Additionally, the French colonial legacy spurred high legal pension coverage rates in African autocracies. These findings underline the importance of taking the multidimensionality of welfare programs into account when analyzing political regime differences. Moreover, due attention must be paid to the historical context when theorizing about welfare policies from a political regime perspective.

Old Lives

2020 ◽  
pp. 61-88
Author(s):  
Maren Tova Linett
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Disability Studies ◽  
New World ◽  
Thought Experiment ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Old People ◽  
World State ◽  
The World ◽  
Brave New World ◽  
Age Reading

Chapter 2 takes a disability studies approach to aging by viewing Brave New World (1932) as a thought experiment that explores the value of old age. Reading the novel alongside Ezekiel Emanuel’s claim that it would be best for everyone to die at around age seventy-five, before their abilities begin to decline, the chapter reads the absence of old people in the World State as an aspect of its dystopia. The chapter first argues that the persistent youth embraced by the society robs life of its narrative arc and thereby of an important aspect of its meaning. It then explores the reasons suggested by the novel that such a sacrifice of life narratives is not worthwhile, even to avoid periods of possible disability or frailty. Brave New World makes clear that the excision of old age has significant political, moral, and emotional costs.

scholarly journals Feminist Perspective in the Novel of Vikram Seth’s A Suitable Boy

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 114-127
Author(s):  
Hari Lal Kori ◽  
Dr. Vipin Kumar Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Boundary Wall ◽  
Full Control ◽  
Religious Books ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time

Men and women are the two best creation of nature. She has provided both equal rights but it is man who is too clever and has full control over woman. From a very long time he has limited her freedom and rights. That is why, they have been victims of inequality and exploitation for a very long time. The society which is of traditional mindset believes that a woman should live in boundary wall, give birth to children and to look after them. Most of the religions of the world emphasize that women should be subordinate to and dependent on men. In childhood they should be in take care of father, in youth by her husband and in old age by her sons. The Hindu philosophy, the religious books of Hindu as the Vedas, the Bhagavad-Gita, the Muslims the Christians and others also have same views about the position of women in the society. All of them impose on women strict rules of discipline and prohibit them from the rights equal to men. The women’s position in the family has been that of a servile creature, a playing thing an object of lust and pleasures. Commenting on the position of females in the society Shantha Krishnaswany Writes :

Constitutional Commitment to Social Security and Welfare Policy

2016 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Avi Ben-Bassat ◽  
Momi Dahan
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Welfare State ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Welfare Policy ◽  
Income Support ◽  
Work Injury ◽  
The World

AbstractIn this paper we construct an index of constitutional commitment to social security (CCSS) in seven areas: Old Age, Survivors, Disability, Unemployment, Sickness, Work Injury, and Income Support. We have found a positive connection between our measure of constitutional commitment to social security and the extent and coverage of actual measures of social security laws. The constitutional text of each nation seems to play a role in explaining the large variations in welfare state coverage around the world.

Old Age Pensions Before Social Security

2007 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-95
Author(s):  
Leslie Leighninger
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Old Age Pensions

Dynamics of poverty in old age: The case of older persons in Zimbabwe

2012 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 714-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jotham Joaquim Dhemba
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Social Security ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Older Persons ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Old Age Pensions

This article explores the factors associated with the syndrome of poverty in old age in developing countries in general and Zimbabwe in particular. Available data show that the majority of older persons in Zimbabwe are not covered by existing social security schemes. Furthermore, the benefits for the minority who are covered are not adequate. It is therefore necessary to adopt legislation specific to older persons through the establishment of old age pensions in order to address poverty in old age.

Old-Age Pensions

2021 ◽  
pp. 491-505
Author(s):  
Karl Hinrichs ◽  
Julia F. Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Working Population ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Pension Systems ◽  
Old Age Pensions ◽  
The Rich

Welfare states within the traditional OECD area arranged their pension systems after 1945 so that complete exit from paid employment during an ever-longer retirement period became a universal entitlement. The institutionalization of old-age pensions in the OECD area resulted from an expansion of pension systems in several dimensions: coverage was broadened to almost the entire (working) population, eligibility criteria for enjoying a pension became liberalized (e.g. flexible retirement), the range of benefits was expanded (e.g. survivors’ pensions) and, most importantly, the generosity of benefits substantially increased. This chapter describes the origins, organization, and social consequences of mature pension systems in the developed welfare states; discusses the challenges posed to these systems by demographic, economic, and societal transformations occurring since the 1970s; and traces trajectories of reform, both actual and anticipated. Throughout, our focus is on the pension systems of the rich democracies of Western Europe, North America, and the Antipodes, with more selective attention given to developments in Latin America, Asia, and Eastern Europe.

Reforming Social Security Around the World

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
David Besanko ◽  
Saahil Malik
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Social Security System ◽  
Security System ◽  
Social Security Administration ◽  
Trust Fund ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The U.S

In May 2009 the Office of the Chief Actuary for the U.S. Social Security Administration projected that by 2016 the Social Security Trust Fund would begin to spend more money than it took in through tax revenue. Further, by 2037 the balance in the Trust Fund would be down to zero, necessitating cuts in benefits to retirees. The U.S. Social Security system thus faced a long-term financial problem that needed to be addressed sooner rather than later. The experience of other countries in reforming their own systems of old-age insurance might provide some guidance for U.S. policymakers as they attempt to deal with the long-run fiscal challenges facing the U.S. Social Security system. This case focuses on reforms of old-age insurance systems in three countries: Australia, Mexico, and Sweden.This case gives students the opportunity to debate the variety of approaches that could be used to reform the U.S. Social Security system. It also gives insight into how countries around the world have structured their old-age insurance systems.

scholarly journals „Пришли годы, в которых нет мне больше удовольствия…” концепт „старость” в хронике Николая Лескова „Захудалый род” и романе Юзефа Игнация Крашевского „Графиня Козель”

2017 ◽  
Vol 163 ◽  
pp. 105-115
Author(s):  
Ałła Szełajewa
Keyword(s):  
Women Characters ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Novel ◽  
World Culture ◽  
Structural Element ◽  
Social Death ◽  
Religious Consciousness ◽  
The World

‘‘And the years have come when there’s no more pleasure for me…” the concept of ‘‘old age” in the chronicle The Zahudaly Rod by Leskov and the novel The Contess Cosel by KrashevskyIn this article the problem of the concept ‘‘old age” in the chronicle is considered. Having been one of the constants of the world culture, the concept ‘‘old age” is related to the empirical or posterior concepts. In fiction literature and art it receives some varied expression, dictated by the peculiarities of ahistorical epoch and its cultural traditions.From this point of view, acertain interest is given by the interpretation of old age as the period of the crisis of the age of personality identification in the chronicles The Zahudaly Rod by N.S. Leskov.In the last conceptually important chapter, which is appeared as the result of the influence of the novel The Contess Cosel by Krashevsky, the main structural element is the comparison of two old women characters, Princess Barbara Protozanov and Contess Cosel. Their premature social death is caused by their attempt to build their everyday life accordingly with their religious consciousness and realizing of their moral values.„Przyszły lata, z których nie mam już zadowolenia…” koncept „starość” w kronice Nikołaja Leskowa Podupadły ród i powieści Józefa Ignacego Kraszewskiego Hrabina CoselW artykule rozpatrywany jest problem koncepcji „starości” w powieściach Leskowa Podupadły ród 1873 i Kraszewskiego Hrabina Cosel 1874. Koncepcja „starości” związana jest z pojęciami empirycznymi i aposteriorycznymi. W sztuce iliteraturze pięknej jest wyrażona w różnych formach, uwarunkowanych charakterem epoki historycznej, jej tradycjami kulturowymi i filozoficzno-religijnymi podstawami bytu. Z tego punktu widzenia interesująca okazuje się interpretacja starości jako okresu związanego z wiekiem kryzysu identyfikacji jednostki, zawarta w Podupadłym rodzie. Ideowo ważny ostatni rozdział powieści powstał pod wpływem książki J. Kraszewskiego Hrabina Cosel, a głównym elementem jego struktury jest porównanie dwóch postaci starszych kobiet — księżnej Warwary Protozanowej i hrabiny Cosel. W przypadku obu bohaterek próba życia zgodnie z zasadami religii i wyznawanymi wartościami kończy się przedwczesną społeczną śmiercią.

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