Hydrogen Peroxide Vapor Decontamination in a Patient Room Using Feline Calicivirus and Murine Norovirus as Surrogate Markers for Human Norovirus

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 561-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torsten Holmdahl ◽  
Mats Walder ◽  
Nathalie Uzcátegui ◽  
Inga Odenholt ◽  
Peter Lanbeck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Cell Culture ◽  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Feline Calicivirus ◽  
Murine Norovirus ◽  
Patient Room ◽  
Human Norovirus ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Infective Dose ◽  
Hydrogen Peroxide Vapor

OBJECTIVETo determine whether hydrogen peroxide vapor (HPV) could be used to decontaminate caliciviruses from surfaces in a patient room.DESIGNFeline calicivirus (FCV) and murine norovirus (MNV) were used as surrogate viability markers to mimic the noncultivable human norovirus. Cell culture supernatants of FCV and MNV were dried in triplicate 35-mm wells of 6-well plastic plates. These plates were placed in various positions in a nonoccupied patient room that was subsequently exposed to HPV. Control plates were positioned in a similar room but were never exposed to HPV.METHODSVirucidal activity was measured in cell culture by reduction in 50% tissue culture infective dose titer for FCV and by both 50% tissue culture infective dose titer and plaque reduction for MNV.RESULTSNeither viable FCV nor viable MNV could be detected in the test room after HPV treatment. At least 3.65 log reduction for FCV and at least 3.67 log reduction for MNV were found by 50% tissue culture infective dose. With plaque assay, measurable reduction for MNV was at least 2.85 log units.CONCLUSIONSThe successful inactivation of both surrogate viruses indicates that HPV could be a useful tool for surface decontamination of a patient room contaminated by norovirus. Hence nosocomial spread to subsequent patients can be avoided.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:561–566

Surrogates for the Study of Norovirus Stability and Inactivation in the Environment: A Comparison of Murine Norovirus and Feline Calicivirus

2006 ◽  
Vol 69 (11) ◽  
pp. 2761-2765 ◽  
Author(s):  
JENNIFER L. CANNON ◽  
EFSTATHIA PAPAFRAGKOU ◽  
GEUNWOO W. PARK ◽  
JASON OSBORNE ◽  
LEE-ANN JAYKUS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Thermal Inactivation ◽  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Mammalian Cell Culture ◽  
Feline Calicivirus ◽  
Murine Norovirus ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Culture Model ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Ph Range

Human noroviruses (NoVs) are the leading cause of food- and waterborne outbreaks of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. As a result of the lack of a mammalian cell culture model for these viruses, studies on persistence, inactivation, and transmission have been limited to cultivable viruses, including feline calicivirus (FCV). Recently, reports of the successful cell culture of murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1) have provided investigators with an alternative surrogate for human NoVs. In this study, we compared the inactivation profiles of MNV-1 to FCV in an effort to establish the relevance of MNV-1 as a surrogate virus. Specifically, we evaluated (i) stability upon exposure to pH extremes; (ii) stability upon exposure to organic solvents; (iii) thermal inactivation; and (iv) surface persistence under wet and dry conditions. MNV-1 was stable across the entire pH range tested (pH 2 to 10) with less than 1 log reduction in infectivity at pH 2, whereas FCV was inactivated rapidly at pH values <3 and >9. FCV was more stable than MNV-1 at 56°C, but both viruses exhibited similar inactivation at 63 and 72°C. Long-term persistence of both viruses suspended in a fecal matrix and inoculated onto stainless steel coupons were similar at 4°C, but at room temperature in solution, MNV-1 was more stable than FCV. The genetic relatedness of MNV-1 to human NoVs combined with its ability to survive under gastric pH levels makes this virus a promising and relevant surrogate for studying environmental survival of human NoVs.

Recovery and Disinfection of Two Human Norovirus Surrogates, Feline Calicivirus and Murine Norovirus, from Hard Nonporous and Soft Porous Surfaces

2015 ◽  
Vol 78 (10) ◽  
pp. 1842-1850 ◽  
Author(s):  
THOMAS YEARGIN ◽  
ANGELA FRASER ◽  
GUOHUI HUANG ◽  
XIUPING JIANG
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Plaque Assay ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Feline Calicivirus ◽  
Murine Norovirus ◽  
Human Norovirus ◽  
Surface Type ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Porous Surfaces

Human norovirus is a leading cause of foodborne disease and can be transmitted through many routes, including environmental exposure to fomites. In this study, both the recovery and inactivation of two human norovirus surrogates, feline calicivirus (FCV) and murine norovirus (MNV), on hard nonporous surfaces (glass) and soft porous surfaces (polyester and cotton) were evaluated by both plaque assay and reverse transcription quantitative PCR method. Two disinfectants, sodium hypochlorite (8.25%) and accelerated hydrogen peroxide (AHP, at 4.25%) were evaluated for disinfection efficacy. Five coupons per surface type were used to evaluate the recovery of FCV and MNV by sonication and stomaching and the disinfection of each surface type by using 5 ml of disinfectant for a contact time of 5 min. FCV at an initial titer of ca. 7 log PFU/ml was recovered from glass, cotton, and polyester at 6.2, 5.4, and 3.8 log PFU/ml, respectively, compared with 5.5, 5.2, and 4.1 log PFU/ml, respectively, for MNV with an initial titer of ca. 6 log PFU/ml. The use of sodium hypochlorite (5,000 ppm) was able to inactivate both FCV and MNV (3.1 to 5.5 log PFU/ml) below the limit of detection on all three surface types. AHP (2,656 ppm) inactivated FCV (3.1 to 5.5 log PFU/ml) below the limit of detection for all three surface types but achieved minimal inactivation of MNV (0.17 to 1.37 log PFU/ml). Reduction of viral RNA by sodium hypochlorite corresponded to 2.72 to 4.06 log reduction for FCV and 2.07 to 3.04 log reduction for MNV on all three surface types. Reduction of viral RNA by AHP corresponded to 1.89 to 3.4 log reduction for FCV and 0.54 to 0.85 log reduction for MNV. Our results clearly indicate that both virus and surface types significantly influence recovery efficiency and disinfection efficacy. Based on the performance of our proposed testing method, an improvement in virus recovery will be needed to effectively validate virus disinfection of soft porous surfaces.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Murine Norovirus, Feline Calicivirus, Poliovirus, and MS2 as Surrogates for Human Norovirus in a Model of Viral Persistence in Surface Water and Groundwater

2007 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 477-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinhee Bae ◽  
Kellogg J. Schwab
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Model ◽  
Viral Persistence ◽  
Environmental Stability ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Feline Calicivirus ◽  
Virus Infectivity ◽  
Murine Norovirus ◽  
Surface Water And Groundwater

ABSTRACT Human noroviruses (NoVs) are a significant cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, with contaminated drinking water a potential transmission route. The absence of a cell culture infectivity model for NoV necessitates the use of molecular methods and/or viral surrogate models amenable to cell culture to predict NoV inactivation. The NoV surrogates murine NoV (MNV), feline calicivirus (FCV), poliovirus (PV), and male-specific coliphage MS2, in conjunction with Norwalk virus (NV), were spiked into surface water samples (n = 9) and groundwater samples (n = 6). Viral persistence was monitored at 25°C and 4°C by periodically analyzing virus infectivity (for all surrogate viruses) and nucleic acid (NA) for all tested viruses. FCV infectivity reduction rates were significantly higher than those of the other surrogate viruses. Infectivity reduction rates were significantly higher than NA reduction rates at 25°C (0.18 and 0.09 log10/day for FCV, 0.13 and 0.10 log10/day for PV, 0.12 and 0.06 log10/day for MS2, and 0.09 and 0.05 log10/day for MNV) but not significant at 4°C. According to a multiple linear regression model, the NV NA reduction rates (0.04 ± 0.01 log10/day) were not significantly different from the NA reduction rates of MS2 (0.05 ± 0.03 log10/day) and MNV (0.04 ± 0.03 log10/day) and were significantly different from those of FCV (0.08 ± 0.03 log10/day) and PV (0.09 ± 0.03 log10/day) at 25°C. In conclusion, MNV shows great promise as a human NoV surrogate due to its genetic similarity and environmental stability. FCV was much less stable and thus questionable as an adequate surrogate for human NoVs in surface water and groundwater.

scholarly journals Antiviral Effect of Korean Red Ginseng Extract and Ginsenosides on Murine Norovirus and Feline Calicivirus as Surrogates for Human Norovirus

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min-Hwa Lee ◽  
Bog-Hieu Lee ◽  
Ji-Youn Jung ◽  
Doo-Sung Cheon ◽  
Kyung-Tack Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Effect ◽  
Feline Calicivirus ◽  
Murine Norovirus ◽  
Red Ginseng ◽  
Human Norovirus ◽  
Korean Red Ginseng ◽  
Ginseng Extract

The virucidal effect against murine norovirus and feline calicivirus as surrogates for human norovirus by ethanol-based sanitizers

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 779-781 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuko Shimizu-Onda ◽  
Tempei Akasaka ◽  
Fumihiro Yagyu ◽  
Shihoko Komine-Aizawa ◽  
Yukinobu Tohya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feline Calicivirus ◽  
Murine Norovirus ◽  
Human Norovirus ◽  
Virucidal Effect

scholarly journals Nanobody mediated neutralization reveals an Achilles heel for norovirus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna D. Koromyslova ◽  
Jessica Michelle Devant ◽  
Turgay Kilic ◽  
Charles D. Sabin ◽  
Virginie Malak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Binding Site ◽  
Receptor Binding ◽  
Conformational Changes ◽  
Structural Modification ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Murine Norovirus ◽  
Human Norovirus ◽  
Receptor Binding Site ◽  
P Domain

ABSTRACTHuman norovirus frequently causes outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis. Although discovered more than five decades ago, antiviral development has, until recently, been hampered by the lack of a reliable human norovirus cell culture system. Nevertheless, a lot of pathogenesis studies were accomplished using murine norovirus (MNV), which can be grown routinely in cell culture. In this study, we analysed a sizeable library of Nanobodies that were raised against the murine norovirus virion with the main purpose of developing Nanobody-based inhibitors. We discovered two types of neutralizing Nanobodies and analysed the inhibition mechanisms using X-ray crystallography, cryo-EM, and cell culture techniques. The first type bound on the top region of the protruding (P) domain. Interestingly, the Nanobody binding region closely overlapped the MNV receptor-binding site and collectively shared numerous P domain-binding residues. In addition, we showed that these Nanobodies competed with the soluble receptor and this action blocked virion attachment to cultured cells. The second type bound at a dimeric interface on the lower side of the P dimer. We discovered that these Nanobodies disrupted a structural change in the capsid associated with binding co-factors (i.e., metal cations/bile acid). Indeed, we found that capsids underwent major conformational changes following addition of Mg2+ or Ca2+. Ultimately, these Nanobodies directly obstructed a structural modification reserved for a post-receptor attachment stage. Altogether, our new data show that Nanobody-based inhibition could occur by blocking functional and structural capsid properties.AUTHOR SUMMARYThis research discovered and analysed two different types of MNV neutralizing Nanobodies. The top-binding Nanobodies sterically inhibited the receptor-binding site, whereas the dimeric-binding Nanobodies interfered with a structural modification associated with co-factor binding. Moreover, we found that the capsid contained a number of vulnerable regions that were essential for viral replication. In fact, the capsid appeared to be organized in a state of flux, which could be important for co-factor/receptor binding functions. Blocking these capsid-binding events with Nanobodies directly inhibited essential capsid functions. Moreover, a number of MNV-specific Nanobody binding epitopes were comparable to human norovirus-specific Nanobody inhibitors. Therefore, this additional structural and inhibition information could be further exploited in the development of human norovirus antivirals.

Evaluation of Murine Norovirus Persistence in Environments Relevant to Food Production and Processing

2011 ◽  
Vol 74 (11) ◽  
pp. 1847-1851 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. FALLAHI ◽  
K. MATTISON
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Plaque Assay ◽  
The Other ◽  
Murine Norovirus ◽  
Human Norovirus ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Virus Survival

Human norovirus (NoV) causes outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis associated with many ready-to-eat foods, including fresh produce. Effective inactivation procedures must consider virus survival under conditions of produce production and processing. This study aimed to investigate the persistence of NoV in a variety of environments, using murine NoV (MNV) as a surrogate for NoV. MNV was incubated for up to 42 days at room temperature on stainless steel disks, on lettuce, on soil, and in potable water and titers determined by plaque assay. A 1-log reduction of MNV infectivity was observed after 29 days in water, 4 days on lettuce, 12 days on soil, and 15 days on stainless steel disks. MNV survived longer in water than in any of the other environments, indicating that drying may contribute to NoV inactivation. MNV genomes were not significantly reduced for up to 42 days, suggesting that genomic detection is not a reliable indicator of viability. Overall, our findings provide valuable information regarding the potential for NoV transmission in the food supply.

scholarly journals A Spore Counting Method and Cell Culture Model for Chlorine Disinfection Studies of Encephalitozoon syn.Septata intestinalis

2000 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 1266-1273 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Wolk ◽  
C. H. Johnson ◽  
E. W. Rice ◽  
M. M. Marshall ◽  
K. F. Grahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Quantitative Measure ◽  
Rabbit Kidney ◽  
In Vitro Growth ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Chlorine Disinfection ◽  
Infective Dose ◽  
Before And After

ABSTRACT The microsporidia have recently been recognized as a group of pathogens that have potential for waterborne transmission; however, little is known about the effects of routine disinfection on microsporidian spore viability. In this study, in vitro growth ofEncephalitozoon syn. Septata intestinalis, a microsporidium found in the human gut, was used as a model to assess the effect of chlorine on the infectivity and viability of microsporidian spores. Spore inoculum concentrations were determined by using spectrophotometric measurements (percent transmittance at 625 nm) and by traditional hemacytometer counting. To determine quantitative dose-response data for spore infectivity, we optimized a rabbit kidney cell culture system in 24-well plates, which facilitated calculation of a 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID50) and a minimal infective dose (MID) for E. intestinalis. The TCID50 is a quantitative measure of infectivity and growth and is the number of organisms that must be present to infect 50% of the cell culture wells tested. The MID is as a measure of a system's permissiveness to infection and a measure of spore infectivity. A standardized MID and a standardized TCID50 have not been reported previously for any microsporidian species. Both types of doses are reported in this paper, and the values were used to evaluate the effects of chlorine disinfection on the in vitro growth of microsporidia. Spores were treated with chlorine at concentrations of 0, 1, 2, 5, and 10 mg/liter. The exposure times ranged from 0 to 80 min at 25°C and pH 7. MID data for E. intestinalis were compared before and after chlorine disinfection. A 3-log reduction (99.9% inhibition) in the E. intestinalis MID was observed at a chlorine concentration of 2 mg/liter after a minimum exposure time of 16 min. The log10 reduction results based on percent transmittance-derived spore counts were equivalent to the results based on hemacytometer-derived spore counts. Our data suggest that chlorine treatment may be an effective water treatment for E. intestinalis and that spectrophotometric methods may be substituted for labor-intensive hemacytometer methods when spores are counted in laboratory-based chlorine disinfection studies.

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