Gaslighting and Echoing, or Why Collective Epistemic Resistance is not a “Witch Hunt”

Hypatia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 674-686 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaile Pohlhaus
Keyword(s):  
Structural Features ◽  
Group Think ◽  
Witch Hunt ◽  
Do So

AbstractThis essay reflects on some of the problems with characterizing collective epistemic resistance to oppression as “unthinking” or antithetical to reason by highlighting the epistemic labor involved in contending with and resisting epistemic oppression. To do so, I develop a structural notion of epistemic gaslighting in order to highlight structural features of contexts within which collective epistemic resistance to oppression occurs. I consider two different forms of epistemic echoing as modes of contending with and resisting epistemic oppression that are sometimes mischaracterized as “unthinking” or “group think.” The first sense highlights the epistemic labor entailed in withdrawing from conditions of structural epistemic gaslighting that is sometimes mischaracterized as a pernicious self-sequestering that is antithetical to reason. The second sense highlights the epistemic labor entailed in actively confronting epistemic structures that gaslight what is sometimes mischaracterized as an “irrational group think.” In both cases, I highlight how epistemic acts that may appear unreasonable “within the gaslight” are, on the contrary, engaged in serious and important epistemic labor.

scholarly journals IX. On the structure and development of the liver

1849 ◽  
Vol 139 ◽  
pp. 109-137 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Interesting Paper ◽  
Biliary Ducts ◽  
And Function ◽  
Do So

In venturing to offer a second communication to the Royal Society respecting the structure of the liver, I feel the rather anxious to do so, that I may have an opportunity of correcting an error and supplying a deficiency which existed in my previous paper. In the following observations I purpose to present some account of the structure of the liver examined in the ascending series of animals, and also to describe the several stages of its evolution in the embryo; in this way I trust I may be able to exhibit the characteristic structural features of the organ as it exists in Man and the higher animals, and also to determine the true place which ought to be assigned to it in a classification of the various glandular organs occurring in the same. I am not aware that any detailed account of the structure of the liver has been recently published, except that by M. Natalis Guillot, which however, so far as I comprehend it, does not seem to be one that can be readily accepted; the idea that the minute biliary ducts and lymphatics originate together in a common net-work, is à priori improbable, and entirely opposed to conclusive evidence (as I think), which will be subsequently adduced. A very interesting paper on the structure and function of the liver has also appeared in the 4th volume of the Guy’s Hospital Reports, from the pen of Dr. Williams; to his labours I shall several times have occasion to refer, but it will be seen that I differ from him in several particulars, especially respecting the importance of the basement or limitary membrane.

Magnetic resonance imaging of wood

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 423-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurance D. Hall ◽  
Vasanthan Rajanayagam ◽  
Wendy A. Stewart ◽  
Paul R. Steiner
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Scanner ◽  
Annual Growth Rings ◽  
Do So

A magnetic resonance scanner has been used to obtain images at 0.14 T, based on the water in aspen (Populustremuloides Michx.). In addition to visualization of the expected structural features such as annual growth-rings and knots, several additional features appear that require further study. Kiln-dried wood does not contain sufficient water to give an image, but can do so after impregnation with water.

Organizational Identity and Institutional Forces

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marya L. Besharov ◽  
Shelley L. Brickson
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Theory ◽  
Organizational Identity ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Socially Constructed ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Institutional Constraint ◽  
Institutional Forces ◽  
Do So

The existing literature offers divergent perspectives on the intersection between organizational identity (OI) and institutional forces. Some studies suggest that OI is socially constructed by organizational members, while others describe OI as highly constrained by institutional forces. Still others imply that OI serves as a filter influencing how members interpret institutional forces. We review and strive to integrate these varied perspectives. To do so, we distinguish between the content and structure of both OI and institutional forces. We suggest that the degree to which the content of institutional forces influences the content of OI resides along a continuum between institutional constraint and member agency. Further, we suggest that structural features of OI and institutional forces may act as filters that influence where along this continuum OI construction falls. Beyond integrating existing literature, this approach opens up new directions for research at the intersection of OI and institutional theory.

scholarly journals Formamide as a substrate of xanthine oxidase

1984 ◽  
Vol 220 (1) ◽  
pp. 235-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
F F Morpeth ◽  
G N George ◽  
R C Bray
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Atom ◽  
Xanthine Oxidase ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
New Information ◽  
Single Oxygen Atom ◽  
Oxo Ligand ◽  
Single Oxygen ◽  
Do So

Formamide is a substrate of xanthine oxidase. At pH 8.2 and 1.14 mM-O2, Vmax.(app.) is 3.1 s-1 and Km (app.) is 0.7 M. Mo(V) e.p.r. signals obtained by treating the enzyme with formamide were studied, and these provide new information about the ligation of molybdenum in the enzyme and about the enzymic mechanism. The substrate is the first compound that is not a nitrogen-containing heterocycle to give a Very Rapid signal. This supports the hypothesis that the Very Rapid signal, though it is not detectable with all substrates, represents an essential intermediate in turnover. Formamide also gives the Inhibited signal and is the first non-aldehyde substrate to do so. The Rapid type 1 signal obtained in the presence of formamide was examined in H2O enriched with 2H or with 17O. The single oxygen atom detectable in the signal is shown to be strongly and anisotropically coupled. This indicates that this atom remains as an oxo ligand of molybdenum in this signal-giving species. Other structural features of this species are discussed.

European Council Note - 20/21 February: Coming to Terms with Failure

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-35
Author(s):  
Peter Ludlow
Keyword(s):  
European Council ◽  
Crisis Recovery ◽  
Financial Framework ◽  
Angela Merkel ◽  
The Face ◽  
Group Think ◽  
Heads Of State ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Do So

The latest Briefng Note documents and seeks to explain a failure. The special European Coun cil of 20-21 February did not just fail to reach an agreement on the EU's Multiannual Financial Framework for 2021-2027. It failed to indicate how one might be reached in the coming weeks or months. MFF negotiations are always diffcult and, in order to fnish the job, the heads of state and government had had to meet at least twice on previous occasions. The breakdown on this occasion was however ominously complete. There are many reasons for this failure. Four nevertheless appear to have been particularly relevant: ˙ The lethal juxtaposition of three irreconcilable factors. Firstly, the emergence over the pre vious fve years of a new, more ambitious EU agenda in the face of climate change and other major challenges, all of which required, and therefore raised expectations of, more rather than less EU expenditure. Secondly, the dependence of a huge clientele in most if not all member states on the maintenance of EU funding for Cohesion and the Common Agricultural Policy. Thirdly, Brexit, which meant that at a time when it needed to spend more, the EU was bound to have revenue at least 10 billion euros per annum less than in the current MFF. ˙ The entrenchment of group think. Caucuses are normal and healthy. Before and at the February European Council, however, the two main caucuses, the Frugal Four, led by Mark Rutte, and the Cohesion Group, led by Antonio Costa, displayed levels of collective intran sigence which made agreement impossible. ˙ The inability of Angela Merkel to take the lead in breaking the impasse. Macron's marginal utility was par for the course as far as French presidents in MFF negotiations are concerned. Merkel, whose position at home had been seriously undermined in the previous fortnight in Thuringia and then in Berlin, could not however step into the breach, even though on the Friday morning she tried to do so. ˙ The failure of Charles Michel, the European Council president, to maintain his grip on a process which, as a result of his own initiative, had become Michelsache as much as if not more than Chefsache . Since 21 February, the MFF negotiations have been overtaken by the Covid-19 crisis. This has at one and the same time made an early resumption of the process improbable and cast doubts on some of the factors which militated against success in February. In a situation of unprec edented gravity, European Council members, both severally and collectively, have been chal lenged 'to think outside the box', particularly about the role of public fnance in facilitating post-crisis recovery. And some at least have begun to do so At the same time, the stock of the intransigents in general and of Mark Rutte in particular has fallen sharply. Thirdly, Michel has been given a fresh lease of life. Whenever therefore the MFF negotiations resume they will do so in a very different environment.

scholarly journals A imagem da bruxa: da antiguidade histórica às representações fílmicas contemporâneas

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-198
Author(s):  
Bruno Vinicius Kutelak Dias ◽  
Regina Helena Urias Cabreira
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
Western Civilization ◽  
Image Transformation ◽  
Wizard Of Oz ◽  
Female Image ◽  
Religious Perspectives ◽  
The Witch ◽  
Witch Hunt ◽  
Do So

This article aims at discussing the historical-social development of the witch’s image according to cultural, social and religious perspectives since the earlier stages of our Western civilization until the contemporary era. This historic overview will be discussed according to mythological influences referring to the construction of the female image as transgressor which originated the acclaimed Middle Age “witch hunt”. In order to do so, we will use works by Civita, (1997), Blécourt (2017), Clark (2006), Maxwell-Stuart (2017), Page (2017), Sharpe (2017) and Wallis (2017) apart from contemporary film versions from The Wizard of Oz (1939) through The Witch (2015), which depict the witch’s image transformation, so we can analyze, through its iconography, how such image was and is determined by the demands of several historical eras.

scholarly journals Changes in the repertoire of peptides bound to HLA-B27 subtypes and to site-specific mutants inside and outside pocket B.

1993 ◽  
Vol 177 (3) ◽  
pp. 613-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Rojo ◽  
F García ◽  
J A Villadangos ◽  
J A López de Castro
Keyword(s):  
Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte ◽  
Peptide Binding ◽  
Peptide Pool ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Metabolic Labeling ◽  
Hla B27 ◽  
Peptide Binding Site ◽  
Network Of Hydrogen Bonds ◽  
Degree Of Similarity ◽  
Do So

HLA-B27 subtypes share many structural features, including their pocket B, which interacts with a conserved Arg residue at the second position of B*2705-bound peptides. Subtypes differ among each other at other locations in the peptide binding site. In this study, metabolic labeling and radiochemical pool sequencing were used to address the following issues: (a) presence of the Arg 2 (R2) motif among peptides bound to the various HLA-B27 subtypes; (b) influence of mutations inside and outside pocket B on this motif; and (c) the degree of similarity among the peptide pools bound to the various B27 subtypes. Sequencing of Arg-labeled peptide pools extracted from B*2701 to B*2706, and from two site-directed mutants of B*2705 with changes outside pocket B, indicated that all of these molecules bind peptides with Arg at position 2. Peptides from several mutants with changes altering the structure of pocket B, and from one mutant at the pocket B rim, also retained the R2 motif. However, this was absent in the peptide pool extracted from the M45 mutant, in which the negative charge of pocket B, conferred to HLA-B27 by Glu45, was canceled. These results indicate that alterations outside pocket B, and even disruption of the network of hydrogen bonds that stabilizes Arg binding in pocket B, do not impair binding of peptides bearing the R2 motif, but a nonconservative substitution at position 45 does. As a substantial fraction of anti-B*2705 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones crossreact with the M45 mutant (Villadangos, J., B. Galocha, D. López, V. Calvo, and J. A. López de Castro. 1992. J. Immunol. 149:505) this result suggest that determinant mimicry by nonidentical peptides may frequently account for unexpected CTL crossreactions. Metabolic labeling with various other amino acids and radiochemical sequencing revealed similarities, but also substantial differences, among the peptide pools from the various HLA-B27 subtypes. This strongly suggests that many peptides bind to multiple subtypes, but significant subsets of peptides bound to a given HLA-B27 subtype do not bind to other subtypes or do so with greatly altered efficiency. These results indicate the importance of polymorphism outside pocket B in modulating peptide binding to HLA-B27.

Poker and gambling: a positive competitive game

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 433-443
Author(s):  
Jordan Hillman ◽  
Walter E. Block
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Focus Attention ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Competitive Game ◽  
The Witch ◽  
Witch Hunt ◽  
Empirical Case Studies ◽  
Do So ◽  
Grave Danger

Purpose – In the present epoch, when the witch hunt for victimless criminals continues apace and even increases, it is all the more important to protect our liberties. One of the purposes of the present paper is to do so with regard to gambling. Design/methodology/approach – We use logical arguments (reductios ad absurdum) and empirical case studies to make the case that online or any other kind of gambling in general, and poker in particular, are justified uses of our freedoms. Findings – We find that although poker, whether online or in any other format is under attack by the powers that be, the case for such initiatives is a weak one. Originality/value – The value of this essay is to focus attention on yet another one of our liberties that is in grave danger of being obliterated.

Holding replication studies to mainstream standards of evidence

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duane T. Wegener ◽  
Leandre R. Fabrigar
Keyword(s):  
Replication Studies ◽  
Replication Research ◽  
Standards Of Evidence ◽  
Do So

AbstractReplications can make theoretical contributions, but are unlikely to do so if their findings are open to multiple interpretations (especially violations of psychometric invariance). Thus, just as studies demonstrating novel effects are often expected to empirically evaluate competing explanations, replications should be held to similar standards. Unfortunately, this is rarely done, thereby undermining the value of replication research.

Electron microscopy and diffraction studies of polyimides

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 28-29
Author(s):  
O.C. de Hodgins ◽  
K. R. Lawless ◽  
R. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Inert Atmosphere ◽  
Polyimide Films ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
High Resolution Electron Microscope ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Polymeric Samples

Commercial polyimide films have shown to be homogeneous on a scale of 5 to 200 nm. The observation of Skybond (SKB) 705 and PI5878 was carried out by using a Philips 400, 120 KeV STEM. The objective was to elucidate the structural features of the polymeric samples. The specimens were spun and cured at stepped temperatures in an inert atmosphere and cooled slowly for eight hours. TEM micrographs showed heterogeneities (or nodular structures) generally on a scale of 100 nm for PI5878 and approximately 40 nm for SKB 705, present in large volume fractions of both specimens. See Figures 1 and 2. It is possible that the nodulus observed may be associated with surface effects and the structure of the polymers be regarded as random amorphous arrays. Diffraction patterns of the matrix and the nodular areas showed different amorphous ring patterns in both materials. The specimens were viewed in both bright and dark fields using a high resolution electron microscope which provided magnifications of 100,000X or more on the photographic plates if desired.

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