Hegel’s Treatment of Predication Considered in the Light of a Logic for the Actual World

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-73
Author(s):  
Paul Redding
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
Actual World ◽  
Possible Worlds ◽  
Logical Framework ◽  
Arthur Prior ◽  
Science Of Logic ◽  
The Common ◽  
Alternate Possibilities ◽  
The Way

AbstractOne prominent feature of analytic metaphysics in the second half of the twentieth century was the revival of metaphysical debate over modality, and in this paper I suggest that a particular position that emerged within this debate, ‘modal actualism’, bears a striking resemblance to the way that Hegel discusses modal notions in the final chapter of Book 2 of the Science of Logic, ‘Wirklichkeit’ or ‘Actuality’. Modal actualists opposed David Lewis’s counter-intuitive claims about the existence of alternate possible worlds, and aimed to reconcile the reality of alternate possibilities with the common-sense idea of the actual world as all there is. Like Hegel in the chapter ‘Actuality’, they thus argue that possible alternatives to the actual world must, somehow, exist within the actual world. Here I approach these issues via the ideas of John N. Findlay who, in the 1950s, had attempted to reintroduce Hegel into an Anglophone philosophical culture, but who also influenced the later development of modal actualism via his influence on the modal logician, Arthur Prior. Like certain actualists, Findlay distinguished between two modes of predication in order to distinguish, but relate, judgements about the actual from those about the possible. This predicative dualism is strikingly similar to the way Hegel distinguishes two types of predication in his treatment of judgement in Book 3 of the Science of Logic. Reading Hegel’s dualistic account of judgement structure against this background enables us to see how it was meant to provide a logical framework for the ‘actualist’ metaphysics he earlier sketched in the chapter, ‘Actuality’.

Causality Then and Now

1993 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-177
Author(s):  
Karen Harding
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Theory ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
Mechanical Model ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Universe ◽  
The Way

Ate appearances deceiving? Do objects behave the way they do becauseGod wills it? Ate objects impetmanent and do they only exist becausethey ate continuously created by God? According to a1 Ghazlli, theanswers to all of these questions ate yes. Objects that appear to bepermanent are not. Those relationships commonly tefemed to as causalare a result of God’s habits rather than because one event inevitably leadsto another. God creates everything in the universe continuously; if Heceased to create it, it would no longer exist.These ideas seem oddly naive and unscientific to people living in thetwentieth century. They seem at odds with the common conception of thephysical world. Common sense says that the universe is made of tealobjects that persist in time. Furthermore, the behavior of these objects isreasonable, logical, and predictable. The belief that the univetse is understandablevia logic and reason harkens back to Newton’s mechanical viewof the universe and has provided one of the basic underpinnings ofscience for centuries. Although most people believe that the world is accutatelydescribed by this sort of mechanical model, the appropriatenessof such a model has been called into question by recent scientificadvances, and in particular, by quantum theory. This theory implies thatthe physical world is actually very different from what a mechanicalmodel would predit.Quantum theory seeks to explain the nature of physical entities andthe way that they interact. It atose in the early part of the twentieth centuryin response to new scientific data that could not be incorporated successfullyinto the ptevailing mechanical view of the universe. Due largely ...

Competency-Based Assessment

2020 ◽  
pp. 108-129
Author(s):  
Mohammed Khalidi Idrissi ◽  
Meriem Hnida ◽  
Samir Bennani
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
Academic Programs ◽  
Competency Assessment ◽  
E Learning ◽  
Assessment Techniques ◽  
Competency Based ◽  
The Common ◽  
Competency Based Assessment ◽  
The Way

Competency-based Assessment (CBA) is the measurement of student's competency against a standard of performance. It is a process of collecting evidences to analyze student's progress and achievement. In higher education, Competency-based Assessment puts the focus on learning outcomes to constantly improve academic programs and meet labor market demands. As of to date, competencies are described using natural language but rarely used in e-learning systems, and the common sense idea is that: the way competency is defined shapes the way it is conceptualized, implemented and assessed. The main objective of this chapter is to introduce and discuss Competency-based Assessment from a methodological and technical perspectives. More specifically, the objective is to highlight ongoing issues regarding competency assessment in higher education in the 21st century, to emphasis the benefits of its implementation and finally to discuss some competency modeling and assessment techniques.

James, William (1842–1910)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Anna Putnam
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
Possible Worlds ◽  
William James ◽  
Science And Religion ◽  
Religious Experiences ◽  
Theory Of Meaning ◽  
Maximum Effort ◽  
Pure Experience ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common

The American William James was motivated to philosophize by a desire to provide a philosophical ground for moral action. Moral effort presupposes that one has free will, that the world is not already the best of all possible worlds, and, for maximum effort, according to James, the belief that there is a God who is also on the side of good. In his famous, often misunderstood paper ‘The Will to Believe’, James defended one’s right to believe in advance of the evidence when one’s belief has momentous consequences for one’s conduct and success, and a decision cannot be postponed. One such belief is the belief in objective values. Generally, a belief is objective if it meets a standard independent of the believer’s own thought. In morals, objective values emerge from each person’s subjective valuings, whatever their psychological source, when these valuings become the values of a community of persons who care for one another. Still, even in such a community there will be conflicting claims, and the obligations generated by these claims will need to be ranked and conflicts resolved. James’ solution is to say that the more inclusive claim – the claim that can be satisfied with the lesser cost of unsatisfied claims – is to be ranked higher. This is not to be mistaken for utilitarianism: James is not a hedonist, and it is not clear what he means by the most inclusive claim. A concern for others makes sense only if there are others who inhabit with us a common world. Pragmatism, which he co-founded with C.S. Peirce, and radical empiricism provide James’ answer to those who would be sceptics concerning the existence of the common-sense world. Pragmatism is both a theory of meaning and a theory of truth. As a theory of meaning it aims at clarity; our thoughts of an object are clear when we know what effects it will have and what reactions we are to prepare. As a theory of truth, pragmatism makes clear what is meant by ‘agreement’ in the common formula that a belief is true if it agrees with reality. Only in the simplest cases can we verify a belief directly – for example, we can verify that the soup is too salty by tasting it – and a belief is indirectly verified if one acts on it and that action does not lead to unanticipated consequences. Contrary to a widespread misunderstanding, this does not mean that James defines truth as that which is useful; rather, he points out that it is, in fact, useful to believe what is true. James rejects the dualism of common sense and of many philosophers, but he is neither a materialist nor an idealist, rather what he calls a ‘pure experience’ (for example, your seeing this page) can be taken as an event in your (mental) history or as an event in the page’s (physical) history. But there is no ‘substance’ called ‘pure experience’: there are only many different pure experiences. You and I can experience the same page, because an event in your mental history and an event in mine can be taken to be events in the same physical history of the page; James may even have been tempted to say that a pure experience can be taken to belong to more than one mental history. According to James, pragmatism mediates the so-called conflict between science and religion. James took religious experiences very seriously both from a psychologist’s perspective and as evidence for the reality of the divine.

Which, if Either, Are We to Assess Directly in Terms of What Ultimately Matters

2019 ◽  
pp. 230-263
Author(s):  
Douglas W. Portmore
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
Actual World ◽  
Possible Worlds ◽  
Moral Intuitions ◽  
Limited Knowledge ◽  
Autonomous Decision

This chapter argues that our uncertainty with respect to whether a subject has violated a constraint in ϕ‎-ing can stem not only from our limited knowledge of the actual world but also from the indeterminacy that’s inherent in certain possible worlds. And this means that constraint-accepting theorists will need to find a way to deal with such uncertainty even when it comes to giving an account of objective rightness. And it’s argued that the best way for constraint-accepting theorists to deal with this issue is to adopt a teleological theory. In doing so, she needn’t give up on any of our common-sense moral intuitions. Nor would she need to give up the deontological idea that constraints are ultimately grounded in our duty to respect people and their capacity for rational, autonomous decision making. Thus, it’s argued that we should accept a teleological version of rationalist maximalism.

Notes on the Negative Implications of Being Competent in a Home for the Aged

1974 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 357-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Posner
Keyword(s):  
Structural Feature ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Home Life ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Way

This paper focuses on the fact that the common sense assumption underlying everyday life in a Home for the Aged is the antithesis of the common sense assumption operating in most normal social life, on the outside. The implications of this fact are infinite and ironic. In essence, the Home is oriented toward the least competent. Although typically one tends to think of the advantages of being competent, a significant structural feature of Home life is the way in which being a competent member can work against inmates, as such behavior is, in a very real sense inappropriate, atypical and unprepared for. The following material is based on two years participant observation research in a Home for the Aged in Ontario, Canada.

Possible Theological Perspectives in Thomas Reid's Common Sense Philosophy

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas J. Griffin
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Human Experience ◽  
Thomas Reid ◽  
Philosophical Foundations ◽  
The Common ◽  
Philosophical Writings ◽  
Theological Thinking ◽  
The Way

It is well known that Thomas Reid, premier exponent of the Common Sense school of Scottish philosophy, was an ordained and active minister. Less clear is the role played by theology in the deve opment ofthat philosophy as it matured slowly under his pen, particularly in me most prominent of his works, the Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man (1785) and the Essays on the Active Powers of the Human Mind (1788), works which range widely over the field of human experience and the nature of reality. When philosophy and theology assumed more distinct and separate identities in the generations which succeeded Reid, it became common for critics of the Common Sense school to base their analyses solely on philosophical foundations and to neglect the theological underpinning which is essential to a fuller and clearer grasp of Keid s position. It would be a useful contribution to more than one discipline were Thomas Reid's philosophy linked more closely to the development and extent of his theological thinking. While his philosophical writings are strewn with theological references in the way typical of the eighteenth century, there is more substance in these references than is usually the case, when divines ofthat age wrote philosophy. That they are much more than casual, conventional embellishments becomes apparent from a careful reading of his works.

scholarly journals Design of Parallel Self-Timed Adder with Recursive Research

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2S8) ◽  
pp. 1863-1866
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
Commercial Enterprise ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Way

This speedy suggests a parallel single-rail selfcoordinated snake. It relies upon on a algorithmic description for showing multibit twofold growth. The hobby is parallel for the ones bits that require now not trouble with any supply chain unfold. in the course of this way, the arrange achieves power execution over irregular quantity situations and not using a excellent dashing hardware or appearance-ahead sample. A proper all of the way right down to earth usage is given on a give up discovery unit. The execution is fashionable and doesn't have any pragmatic rules of excessive fanouts. A high fan-in door is wanted however nonetheless it really is ineluctable for kinky reason and is overseen by way of manner of associating the transistors in parallel. Recreations were finished creating use of AN commercial enterprise commonplace tool cabinet that ensure the common sense and prevalence of the projectedmethod over current nonconcurrent adders

A Response to Kevin Schilbrack

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-106
Author(s):  
Timothy Fitzgerald
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
Real World ◽  
Religion And Politics ◽  
The Real ◽  
Politics And Culture ◽  
The Common ◽  
Kevin Schilbrack ◽  
Modern Myth ◽  
The Way

Abstract Kevin Schilbrack has pointed out that in my publications over a period from 1994 to 2007 there are some discrepancies in my arguments about some categories, especially “politics” and “culture.” In some earlier research on Dalits and Buddhists in Maharashtra I could not locate “religion,” so I attempted, unsuccessfully, to develop a tripartite conceptual substitution for “religion”—ritual, politics and soteriology—for purposes of description and analysis. However, though this was repeated in Ideology, I have come to realize that it contradicts a more fundamental argument which is tacit all the way through Ideology, for example in the critique of constructions of “religion-and-society.” It has become progressively clearer to me that the religion-politics binary is one of a series which rhetorically invents both domains (fundamentally religion-nonreligion) as mutually parasitic, while simultaneously transforming the nonreligious secular domains into the common sense order of things. Religion acts as the arena of “faith” and “belief ” in contrast to the supposed objective secular knowledge of the “real” world. I have pursued this latter argument most recently in Religion and Politics in International Relations: the Modern Myth, which shows how writers in that discipline have transformed “religion” into a global agent of malice threatening the benignly rational secular state.

Competency-Based Assessment

2017 ◽  
pp. 57-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Khalidi Idrissi ◽  
Meriem Hnida ◽  
Samir Bennani
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
Academic Programs ◽  
Competency Assessment ◽  
E Learning ◽  
Assessment Techniques ◽  
Competency Based ◽  
The Common ◽  
Competency Based Assessment ◽  
The Way

Competency-based Assessment (CBA) is the measurement of student's competency against a standard of performance. It is a process of collecting evidences to analyze student's progress and achievement. In higher education, Competency-based Assessment puts the focus on learning outcomes to constantly improve academic programs and meet labor market demands. As of to date, competencies are described using natural language but rarely used in e-learning systems, and the common sense idea is that: the way competency is defined shapes the way it is conceptualized, implemented and assessed. The main objective of this chapter is to introduce and discuss Competency-based Assessment from a methodological and technical perspectives. More specifically, the objective is to highlight ongoing issues regarding competency assessment in higher education in the 21st century, to emphasis the benefits of its implementation and finally to discuss some competency modeling and assessment techniques.

A Theory of Conditionals

2019 ◽  
pp. 151-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Stalnaker
Keyword(s):  
Model Theory ◽  
Actual World ◽  
Possible Worlds ◽  
Axiom System ◽  
Conditional Logic ◽  
Truth Conditions ◽  
Ramsey Test ◽  
The Way

This chapter was the first exposition and defense of an axiom system and model theory for a conditional logic in the possible worlds framework, a theory designed to model counterfactual propositions. It is argued, using a version of the Ramsey test, that the truth-conditions for conditionals that are provided can explain why we assess counterfactuals in the way we do. Counterexamples are given for various principles that are often taken to be valid for conditionals, but that are invalid on the semantics provided. It is argued that the theory helps to explain how propositions that are ostensibly about counterfactual possible situations can be confirmed or disconfirmed by evidence about the actual world.

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