Where Are the People? A Call for People-Centred Concepts and Measurements of Democracy

2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renske Doorenspleet

This article aims to bring the people to the heart of democracy measurement. Existing measurements have reinforced the idea that democracy is the domain of the state with its procedures, institutions and political elites. But where are the people in those measurements? So far, when we measure democracy we rely on experts who determine what democracy is, while people’s views have been ignored. This happens not only during the phase of conceptualization, but also during operationalization. The specific way we measure democracy feeds elitism and is emblematic of how our discipline has developed, namely an ivory tower in which political scientists define and measure democracy without taking people’s views seriously. The article proposes new people-centred measures of democracy and discusses their effect on the rankings of countries and their strengths and weaknesses. The future of the study of democracy lies in developing new measures that challenge our current understanding of democracy and assist us in developing new perspectives, thus reinvigorating democracy studies.

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl-William Palmqvist ◽  
Nils O. E. Olsson ◽  
Lena Winslott Hiselius

Timetables are important for train punctuality. However, relatively little attention has been paid to the people who plan the timetables: the research has instead been more centred on how to improve timetables through simulation, optimisation, and data analysis techniques. In this study, we present an overview of the state of practice and the state of the art in timetable planning by studying the research literature and railway management documents from several European countries. We have also conducted interviews with timetable planners in Southern Sweden, focusing on how timetable planning relates to punctuality problems. An important backdrop for this is a large project currently underway at the Swedish Transport Administration, modernizing the timetable planning tools and processes. This study is intended to help establish a baseline for the future evaluation of this modernization by documenting the current process and issues, as well as some of the research that has influenced the development and specifications of the new tools and processes. Based on the interviews, we found that errors in timetables commonly lead to infeasible timetables, which necessitate intervention by traffic control, and to delays occurring, increasing, and spreading. We found that the timetable planners struggle to create a timetable and that they have neither the time nor the tools required to ensure that the timetable maintains a high quality and level of robustness. The errors we identified are (a) crossing train paths at stations, (b) wrong track allocation of trains at stations, especially for long trains, (c) insufficient dwell and meet times at stations, and (d) insufficient headways leading to delays spreading. We have identified eleven reasons for these errors and found three themes among these reasons: (1) “missing tools and support,” (2) “role conflict,” and (3) “single-loop learning.” As the new tools and processes are rolled out, the situation is expected to improve with regard to the first of these themes. The second theme of role conflict occurs when planners must strive to meet the demands of the train operating companies, while they must also be unbiased and create a timetable that has a high overall quality. While this role conflict will remain in the future, the new tools can perhaps help address the third theme by elevating the planners from first- to double-loop learning and thereby allowing them to focus on quality control and on finding better rules and heuristics. Over time, this will lead to improved timetable robustness and train punctuality.


2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-86
Author(s):  
Arvydas Pocius

The 16 February is the most significant date in Lithuania’s history. In 1918, an independent democratically-run modern civic state was established, together with the restoration of the statehood tradition cherished in the ancient Lithuania (1253-1795). On 16 February 2018, we celebrated the birth of a modern Lithuania. This date is like a bridge between the old Lithuania born on 6 July 1253 and the new independent Lithuania restored on 11 March 1990. Had it not been for the 16 February, there would have been no events of 11 of March, nor the subsequent success story. In the lead-up to the Centennial of the Restoration of the State (hereinafter – the Centennial), the past is seen not only as a reason to celebrate the important anniversary but also as an inspiration to reflect the historical significance of the past for today and the relevance of the issues of today for the past, i.e. the centennial achievements of the state and its people, and our ambitions for the next centennial which is fast approaching. The Centennial of the new Lithuania is a success story. The main achievements are as follows: Lithuania has become a player of the European and world history, with its modern civil society aware of the importance of freedom and the responsibility that goes with it, and with new emerging vistas for action for the Lithuanian state and its people. Building of the modern Lithuanian state in 1918 was based on the principles of the equality of all, as well as the freedom and prosperity, and this is why all freedom loving people of the country and Lithuanians living abroad, for the first time in the history of Lithuania, became the creators of their state, and later on, during the years of the occupation – the guardians of its tradition. The heroes of the restored Lithuania are thousands of those of different nationalities, religions and social groups having built and safeguarded the tradition of the Lithuanian statehood and national identity. They include volunteers, farmers, teachers, architects and engineers, athletes, aviators, clergy of various denominations, Righteous among the Nations, freedom fighters, dissidents that challenged the Soviet regime, people that created the liberation movement Sąjūdis, and the Lithuanians living abroad that preserved the idea of statehood and fostered the Lithuanian traditions. The hero of today is each individual living in Lithuania and each Lithuanian living abroad, who actively contributes to the building of Lithuania of the twenty-first century and knows that his daily efforts have an impact not only on the present but also on the future of the history of the Lithuanian state and the nation. Apart from the most important symbol of the Centennial, the national flag, we have our state symbol Vytis, bridging the two Lithuanias – the old and the new. The Centennial has revealed our capacity to draw the best from the depths of the past for the needs of the present; we are always ready to give our responsible and often times hard efforts for the bettering of our state and the people; we stand for our freedom, when this fundamental value is threatened; we have the vigour to build not only our own but also the European and world history. These things serve as the basis for us being proud of the achievements of the restored Lithuania, while inspiring us to work for the present and be hopeful about the future.


Author(s):  
Katharine Dow

This chapter examines how conceptions of the environment and the state of the natural world are implicated in people's ideas about parenthood, fertility, and future generations. It carries the theme of the stable environment out into the wider world by considering what it means to care about stabilizing the natural environment in the interest of future generations. It also discusses the importance of reproduction—in humans and other parts of the natural world—in caring for the environment and working to prevent climate change. The chapter analyzes the concerns that the people of Spey Bay had about humans putting ourselves at risk of endangerment by destroying our natural environments and becoming overreliant on technology to create children. Finally, it looks at the salience of nature and naturalness to how people in Spey Bay think about reproduction, ethics, the future, and the environment.


2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-140
Author(s):  
N. W. Barber

AbstractPopulism is a particular type of constitutional pathology; a brand of groupthink in which a leader establishes a direct connection with the people and, by virtue of this connection, is able to govern outside the established constitutional processes of the state. This Article reflects on the interaction between populism and political parties. It argues that one of the roles of political parties is to act as a medium between political elites and the people; a medium that can, or should, enable the people to exercise control over this elite through their membership of parties. Populism therefore presents a threat to the proper operation of political parties, and the proper operation of political parties correspondingly threatens populism.This Article begins by reflecting on the nature of populism. It does not pretend to provide a complete account of that phenomenon, but rather aspires to identify one strand of populist rule: A particular type of connection between the leader and her people. Second, the paper reflects on the constitutional role of political parties. Whilst political parties have often been treated critically in British constitutional scholarship, it will be argued that they are essential to the success of the democratic process: Modern representative democracy cannot function in their absence. Finally, these two sections of the paper will be drawn together: One explanation for the rise of populism is the weakness of political parties, and one way of combating, or mitigating, populism is for the state, and the citizenry, to support and facilitate parties. This Article suggests a correlation between the decline of political parties and the rise of populism, but it cautiously avoids making claims of causation. It could be that the decline of political parties leads to the rise of populism, as voters who are faced with a choice of superannuated parties turn, instead, to charismatic individuals. Or it could be that the rise of populism leads to the decline of political parties, as voters develop a direct relationship with leaders and, as a result, cease to engage with each other within the context of parties. Or, perhaps, these interactions might occur together, forming a feedback loop, with the decline of parties leading to the rise of populism which, in turn, hastens party decay.


2020 ◽  
pp. 657-672
Author(s):  
Herman Suherman

Corruption is a serious crime in Indonesia that has destroyed the foundation of the state and nation. Not Only is corruption destrimental to the state, but it also snatches social right and economic developmens in general.This crime is very difficult to eradicate, because it is often committed through a systematic way and involved the people who hold economic and political power. The impacts of corruption are devastating. to overcome the problems can be formulated policy formulation of capital punishment law against perpetrators of corruption in Indonesia in the future by making some exceptions and change to article 2 in Law no. 20 ofP 2001 on amendment to Law Number 31 year 1999 concerning the Eradication of Corruption.


2018 ◽  
pp. 29-32
Author(s):  
Leonid Chupriy

The article examines the key political and social ideas of M. Hrushevskyi. It is noted, that Hrushevskyi supported federalism and during some period of time even advocated for the Union of Russia with Ukraine. In the article it is stated, that as a populist, he defended the idea of advancing the interests of the people of the society over the interests of the state. M. Hrushevskyi revealed the vision of the people as a potent force for carried out the struggle that runs through ages through diff erent political and cultural circumstances. The attention is focused on the fact, that as a sociologist he studied the factors of social evolution, the laws of social development, developed a genetic sociology. In the framework of the genetic sociology the academician M. Hrushevskyi paid attention to the analysis of primary, primitive forms of social organization, to the laws of their transition into a more complex, to the infl uence of the “prehistoric” forms of social organization on the development trends of the future. The scientist, in particular, fi gured out the forms and stages of development universal to all peoples. Responding, fi nally, to this question, he put forward the thesis that they may be similar but almost never identical, explaining through the variability of the psychological and moral regulation in diff erent human communities. Along with this the great Ukrainian sociologist emphasized the existence of such General trends of social evolution — the processes of diff erentiation and integration (consolidation), which continue in any community. The alternation of these processes Hrushevskyi considered the personifi cation of the relentless struggle of the individualist and collectivist impulses, motives and aspirations.


1988 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 487-487
Author(s):  
Nita Lloyd-Fore

The challenge for preparing students to enter the demanding world of the hospitality industry becomes more complex and more exciting each day. Opportunities abound for the dedicated and prepared individual to make a significant contribution to the future of the industry. The prepared individual needs to have an awareness of the state of the industry as it exists today, some of the fundamental changes which are taking place that effect the industry, indications for future directions for the industry, and a commitment to facing the challenges and the opportunities for the improvement of the industry, and its service to its guests. Educators who prepare the students for entry into the hospitality industry must make themselves aware of these same factors, and must be innovative in presenting programs which will prepare the students for the future. A significant challenge arises in establishing and maintaining rapport with the industry's leaders, in discerning directions and trends which must be addressed in curriculum development. An awareness of the state of the industry is mandatory, and some soul-searching may be indicated by some of our educational institutions toward making their programs more realistic. of particular concern is the low level of time and study spent in developing the “people skills” for the students, in preparing them for working with humans who are less than textbook perfect. Realistic expectations of entry levels and future promotional opportunities must be addressed. One does not start at the top, nor even in the middle of an organization. Solid experiences from “the trenches” coupled with an updated and realistic formal education can pay rich dividends. CHRIE faces an unprecedented opportunity for making significant strides in preparing students and the industry for the future. With an informed and dedicated program, this objective can well be met.


Author(s):  
Sylvester Tabe Arrey

This work examines events from Cameroon's life since becoming a nation to foster understanding of the worrisome political situation the country has been traversing since 2016. Bitter and unhappy with their treatment since joining the French-speaking part, many citizens of the minority English-speaking part feel fed up and desire a breakup. I show that apart from constituting an aspect of its pride, Cameroon's history is also a source of tricky challenges the country has been wrestling with since inception. I contend that issues of this kind will always be around if those in the country's cockpit fly it to a destination other than what satisfies and respects the two people – especially the one that moved the English-speaking part to opt for a joint destiny. Instead of toying with truth to score personal political points, authorities should yield to truth, operating in good faith to correct errors and heal hurt hearts so that both people will willingly, not by force, accept to work together. Contrary actions will risk the future. Happiness moves people to look at their history with pride finding things to build while pain stirs frustration and fury, moving them to search for flaws to fix or fight. I hold that both parts face almost the same challenges from unmet needs to emaciating struggles of survival. However, the English-speaking part has unique plaques that ache terribly and have nothing to do with the country’s general cry of lagging development. They touch on its identity and survival, unleashing pain many out of its shoes might fail to feel and so unable to understand the degree of excruciation. I caution that though it has been a show of two regions, the likelihood of someday evolving into a ten-region revolution is certain if wise and inclusive actions are not applied. Apart from groaning in their own pain, many among the other eight are sympathetic to the predicament of the lamenting two, expressing fury, first, against the denial by highly placed authorities of the existence of any problem, and second, in their ruthless and brutal treatment of those who complain or challenge their stance. Anger increased as people's patience waned. Their calm will not last if things stay unchanged. When arguments evolve and accommodate their worries they will get on board pushing the heat to levels officials will have problems containing without facing the temptation of fighting the people they are in office to protect. I end with recommendations the state and activists might find useful. They highlight measures that can help in a heterogeneous society like Cameroon to preserve peace and save it from becoming a scene of mayhem and butchery.


2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 647-652
Author(s):  
U. Yessenbekova ◽  

In modern developed societies, the phenomenon of social and political passivity of citizens is observed. The high level of indifference to the actions of the authorities and the opposition significantly affects the level of development of the state and society. Can civil inertness be overcome with the help of transmedia technologies? How to make citizens responsible for the future of the country and society? The author tries to find answers to these questions by studying transmedia strategies. One of the features of transmedia projects is the ability to mobilize an audience without letting it go beyond the limits of the proposed narrative. According to the research hypothesis, it is possible to significantly increase the level of activity of civil society by filling the transmedia project with political and social content. The article also analyzes the possibility of increasing the level of project impact on the audience using different transmedia forms. The author analyzes the effectiveness of transmedia strategies to increase the influence of television projects in protecting the interests of the people and society.


2014 ◽  
pp. 889-915
Author(s):  
Anna Abakunkova

The article examines the state of the Holocaust historiography in Ukraine for the period of 2010 – beginning of 2014. The review analyzes activities of major research and educational organizations in Ukraine which have significant part of projects devoted to the Holocaust; main publications and discussions on the Holocaust in Ukraine, including publications of Ukrainian authors in academic European and American journals. The article illustrates contemporary tendencies and conditions of the Holocaust Studies in Ukraine, defines major problems and shows perspectives of the future development of the Holocaust historiography in Ukraine.


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