scholarly journals Associating State of Water and Sanitation with Childhood diarrhoea: Anomalies and Contradictions

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bevin Vijayan ◽  
Udaya Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Childhood Diarrhoea ◽  
Empirical Verification ◽  
Indian Context ◽  
State Of Water ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Spurious Results

AbstractInformation on safe water, sanitation and hand washing obtained in large scale surveys are used to validate its responsiveness to childhood ailments. Definition of these variables are uniform to enable comparison within and across countries and devoid of the context and circumstance. Associating these variables with prevalence of diarrhoea overlooking the context seem to distort the relationship and lead to spurious results. An empirical verification of such an association in an Indian context based on the most recently conducted NFHS-4 data set brings to the fore apparent contradictions that cautions on the use of these variables as they are obtained. It calls for a redefinition of these variables prior to verifying their responsiveness to childhood diarrhoea as illustrated here.

Do Smart Cities Invest in Smarter Policies? Learning From the Past, Planning for the Future

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 657-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Caragliu ◽  
Chiara F. Del Bo
Keyword(s):  
Smart City ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Empirical Relationship ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Real Effects ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

Research on Smart Cities has come of age. Intense discussion on this topic has been ongoing for years, and the academic prominence of this concept has also engendered several policy initiatives inspired by this label at different administrative levels. However, to date, no large-scale evaluation of the relationship between urban smartness and smart urban policies has been attempted. This article aims at filling this gap. By building on a solid definition of Smart Cities, the article tests the empirical relationship between urban smartness and the intensity of Smart City policies. A novel data set on four different types of policies and smart urban characteristics is assembled for 314 European Union cities. Empirical results suggest that Smart City policies are more likely to be designed and implemented in cities that are already endowed with smart characteristics. Our findings also point to a higher probability that Smart City policies are implemented in denser and wealthier urban areas. These empirical results call for further research on the real effects of actual implemented Smart City policies, with the aim to verify the potential of this policy concept as an overall urban development model encompassing the main drivers of endogenous urban growth.

Institutional Ethnography and Exploring the Social

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 119-140
Author(s):  
Amal Adel Abdrabo
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Institutional Ethnography ◽  
Sociological Perspective ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
The Social ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Egyptian Government ◽  
Global Agenda ◽  
Developmental Policies ◽  
The Relationship

There is a new trend taking place in Egypt over the last decades that is attempting to establish a new culture of development arguing for a knowledge-based development of Egyptian society. Consequently, Egyptian society has begun to witness the emergence of different policies, national strategies, and mega development projects that try to translate these policies into reality. But the question that remains is what type of knowledge, and in which context, should be developed? In this vein, this research serves two purposes. First, it contests the notion of knowledge while using a new method of inquiry that creates an opening for an alternative-more-humanized sociology that opposes the dominant sociological perspective that studies people as quantitative objects. The research uses institutional ethnography to provide new-actor-related insights and interpretations while exploring the social momentum within Egyptian society. Second, the research seeks to investigate the relationship between the desire to transform Egypt into a knowledge-based society through the knowledge precincts projects, following the global agenda, and the creation of a political, social, and cultural environment that allows knowledge to thrive, leading to more social justice and equity. In the end, the research asks: What is the definition of ‘knowledge' provided by the Egyptian government through its different developmental policies? How does it function inside the knowledge precincts projects? It also asks: Does Egypt's commitment to large scale programs through knowledge precincts reveal an authoritarian inclination?

scholarly journals Exploring the relationship between avalanche hazard and large-scale terrain choices at a helicopter skiing operation – Insight from run list ratings

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reto Sterchi ◽  
Pascal Haegeli ◽  
Patrick Mair
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Decision Aids ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Linear Mixed Effects Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Effects ◽  
Avalanche Hazard ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. While guides in mechanized skiing operations use a well-established terrain selection process to limit their exposure to avalanche hazard and keep the residual risk at an acceptable level, the relationship between the open/closed status of runs and environmental factors is complex and has so far only received limited attention from research. Using a large data set of over 25 000 operational run list codes from a mechanized skiing operation, we applied a general linear mixed effects model to explore the relationship between acceptable skiing terrain (i.e., status open) and avalanche hazard conditions. Our results show that the magnitude of the effect of avalanche hazard on run list codes depends on the type of terrain that is being assessed by the guiding team. Ski runs in severe alpine terrain with steep lines through large avalanche slopes are much more susceptible to increases in avalanche hazard than less severe terrain. However, our results also highlight the strong effects of recent skiing on the run coding and thus the importance of prior first-hand experience. Expressing these relationships numerically provides an important step towards the development of meaningful decision aids, which can assist commercial operations to manage their avalanche risk more effectively and efficiently.

Potential for Remote Sensing to Detect and Predict Herbicide Injury on Waterhyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 440-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilfredo Robles ◽  
John D. Madsen ◽  
Ryan M. Wersal
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Spectral Band ◽  
Simulated Data ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Mississippi State University ◽  
State University ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Reflectance Measurements

AbstractMany large-scale management programs directed toward the control of waterhyacinth rely on maintenance management with herbicides. Improving the implementation of these programs could be achieved through accurately detecting herbicide injury in order to evaluate efficacy. Mesocosm studies were conducted in the fall and summer of 2006 and 2007 at the R. R. Foil Plant Science Research Center, Mississippi State University, to detect and predict herbicide injury on waterhyacinth treated with four different rates of imazapyr and glyphosate. Herbicide rates corresponded to maximum recommended rates of 0.6 and 3.4 kg ae ha−1(0.5 and 3 lb ac−1) for imazapyr and glyphosate, respectively, and three rates lower than recommended maximum. Injury was visually estimated using a phytotoxicity rating scale, and reflectance measurements were collected using a handheld hyperspectral sensor. Reflectance measurements were then transformed into a Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) simulated data set to obtain pixel values for each spectral band. Statistical analyses were performed to determine if a correlation existed between bands 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7 and phytotoxicity ratings. Simulated data from Landsat 5 TM indicated that band 4 was the most useful band to detect and predict herbicide injury of waterhyacinth by glyphosate and imazapyr. The relationship was negative because pixel values of band 4 decreased when herbicide injury increased. At 2 wk after treatment, the relationship between band 4 and phytotoxicity was best (r2of 0.75 and 0.90 for glyphosate and imazapyr, respectively), which served to predict herbicide injury in the following weeks.

scholarly journals Reduction of COVID-19 Incidence and Nonpharmacologic Interventions: Analysis Using a US County–Level Policy Data Set (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Senan Ebrahim ◽  
Henry Ashworth ◽  
Cray Noah ◽  
Adesh Kadambi ◽  
Asmae Toumi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Main Tool ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Series Data ◽  
County Level ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The Relationship

BACKGROUND Worldwide, nonpharmacologic interventions (NPIs) have been the main tool used to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic. This includes social distancing measures (closing businesses, closing schools, and quarantining symptomatic persons) and contact tracing (tracking and following exposed individuals). While preliminary research across the globe has shown these policies to be effective, there is currently a lack of information on the effectiveness of NPIs in the United States. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to create a granular NPI data set at the county level and then analyze the relationship between NPI policies and changes in reported COVID-19 cases. METHODS Using a standardized crowdsourcing methodology, we collected time-series data on 7 key NPIs for 1320 US counties. RESULTS This open-source data set is the largest and most comprehensive collection of county NPI policy data and meets the need for higher-resolution COVID-19 policy data. Our analysis revealed a wide variation in county-level policies both within and among states (<i>P</i>&lt;.001). We identified a correlation between workplace closures and lower growth rates of COVID-19 cases (<i>P</i>=.004). We found weak correlations between shelter-in-place enforcement and measures of Democratic local voter proportion (R=0.21) and elected leadership (R=0.22). CONCLUSIONS This study is the first large-scale NPI analysis at the county level demonstrating a correlation between NPIs and decreased rates of COVID-19. Future work using this data set will explore the relationship between county-level policies and COVID-19 transmission to optimize real-time policy formulation.

scholarly journals A Note on Smoking Behavior and Health Risk Taking

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Pfeifer
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Risk Effects ◽  
Individual Health ◽  
Risk Takers ◽  
The Relationship

This research note presents two economic frameworks to describe the relationship between individual health risk aversion and smoking behavior. Using a large-scale representative data set (GSOEP), direct empirical evidence is found that individuals, who are more health risk taking, are more likely to be smokers and have a higher demand for cigarettes smoked per day. Non-linear specifications of risk taking reveal, however, that the risk effects are only significant for high risk takers. The estimated effects hold also separately for men and women.

scholarly journals Segmenting the Universe into dynamically coherent basins

2020 ◽  
Vol 493 (3) ◽  
pp. 3513-3520
Author(s):  
Alexandra Dupuy ◽  
Hélène M Courtois ◽  
Noam I Libeskind ◽  
Daniel Guinet
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Basins Of Attraction ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Density Profiles ◽  
Large Scale Structures ◽  
Unique Definition ◽  
Scale Structures ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Previous Letter ◽  
The Universe

ABSTRACT This paper explores in depth a watershed concept to partition the Universe, introduced in a previous Letter and applied to the Cosmicflows-3 observational data set. We present a series of tests conducted with cosmological dark matter simulations. In particular, we are interested in quantifying the evolution with redshift of large-scale structures when defined as segmented basins of attraction. This new dynamical definition in the field of measuring standard rulers demonstrates robustness since all basins show a density contrast δ above 1 (mean Universe density) independently of the simulation spatial resolution or the redshift. Another major finding is that density profiles of the basins show universality in slope. Consequently, there is a unique definition of what is a gravitational watershed at a large scale, which can be further used as a probe for cosmology studies.

scholarly journals A Framework for Service Semantic Description Based on Knowledge Graph

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1017
Author(s):  
Qitong Sun ◽  
Jun Han ◽  
Dianfu Ma
Keyword(s):  
Service Discovery ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Semantic Information ◽  
Knowledge Graph ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Accuracy Rate ◽  
Data Set ◽  
File Storage ◽  
Representation Method ◽  
The Relationship

To construct a large-scale service knowledge graph is necessary. We propose a method, namely semantic information extension, for service knowledge graphs. We insist on the information of services described by Web Services Description Language (WSDL) and we design the ontology layer of web service knowledge graph and construct the service graph, and using the WSDL document data set, the generated service knowledge graph contains 3738 service entities. In particular, our method can give a full performance to its effect in service discovery. To evaluate our approach, we conducted two sets of experiments to explore the relationship between services and classify services that develop by service descriptions. We constructed two experimental data sets, then designed and trained two different deep neural networks for the two tasks to extract the semantics of the natural language used in the service discovery task. In the prediction task of exploring the relationship between services, the prediction accuracy rate reached 95.1%, and in the service classification experiment, the accuracy rate of TOP5 reached 60.8%. Our experience shows that the service knowledge graph has additional advantages over traditional file storage when managing additional semantic information is effective and the new service representation method is helpful for service discovery and composition tasks.

scholarly journals Perinatal Mortality in Term and Preterm Twin and Singleton Births

Twin Research ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 260-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer C. Payne ◽  
M. Karen Campbell ◽  
Orlando DaSilva ◽  
John Koval
Keyword(s):  
Perinatal Mortality ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Large Sample Size ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Perinatal Center ◽  
Mother’S Age ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractAlthough, in general, twins have higher perinatal mortality rates than singletons, preterm twins have lower perinatal mortality rates than singletons of the same birth weight or gestational age. This study investigated the hypotheses that this paradoxical twin advantage: 1) is due to gestational age distribution differences between the singleton and twin populations, and 2) is due to increased likelihood of birth having occurred in a tertiary perinatal center. A pre-existing, time-limited data set of all births in the province of Ontario in odd years between 1979 and 1985 was chosen for this study because of the large sample size (n = 618,579). Multivariable logistic regression of the relationship between perinatal mortality and twin status was controlled for mother’s age, hospital level and gestational age. Findings confirm the lower mortality of preterm twins. After controlling for level of hospital of birth this difference remained, suggesting that level of hospital of birth was not a major factor responsible for the twin advantage. Analyses in which gestational age was standardized indicate that, for those whose gestational age was less than 2 SD below the mean for their particular group (twin or singleton), twins were actually at higher risk than singletons. These results support hypothesis 1 and do not strongly support hypothesis 2. The results also support earlier authors’ suggestions that the definition of term birth should be different for twins and singletons

scholarly journals Valid Statements by the Crowd: Statistical Measures for Precision in Crowdsourced Mobile Measurements

Network ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-232
Author(s):  
Florian Wamser ◽  
Anika Seufert ◽  
Andrew Hall ◽  
Stefan Wunderer ◽  
Tobias Hoßfeld
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
End Users ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Network Measurements ◽  
Statistical Measures ◽  
Sample Data ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Mobile Measurements

Crowdsourced network measurements (CNMs) are becoming increasingly popular as they assess the performance of a mobile network from the end user’s perspective on a large scale. Here, network measurements are performed directly on the end-users’ devices, thus taking advantage of the real-world conditions end-users encounter. However, this type of uncontrolled measurement raises questions about its validity and reliability. The problem lies in the nature of this type of data collection. In CNMs, mobile network subscribers are involved to a large extent in the measurement process, and collect data themselves for the operator. The collection of data on user devices in arbitrary locations and at uncontrolled times requires means to ensure validity and reliability. To address this issue, our paper defines concepts and guidelines for analyzing the precision of CNMs; specifically, the number of measurements required to make valid statements. In addition to the formal definition of the aspect, we illustrate the problem and use an extensive sample data set to show possible assessment approaches. This data set consists of more than 20.4 million crowdsourced mobile measurements from across France, measured by a commercial data provider.

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