The Mills of Liberty: Foreign Capital, Government Contracts, and the Establishment of DuPont, 1790–1820

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDREW J. B. FAGAL
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Early Republic ◽  
Foreign Capital ◽  
Early History ◽  
War Of 1812 ◽  
Government Contracts ◽  
War Department ◽  
History Of ◽  
Principal Supplier

E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. is one of the world’s largest chemical corporations, and its operations are of interest to business historians. This article explores the early history of the firm within the context of early republic political economy in order to show how it came to a place of prominence in the American gunpowder market by the early 1820s. The article utilizes the archival and printed records of DuPont, associated firms, government correspondence, and early War Department and trade statistics to show how the company, unlike other powder mills of that time, had access to both large reserves of foreign capitalandthe halls of power in the federal government. These resources helped DuPont become a principal supplier of gunpowder to the army, the navy, and a major exporter during the War of 1812 era.

Continuing the Exploration of African Americans in the Early History of Evaluation in the United States

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-274
Author(s):  
Stafford Hood
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Evaluation Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research Society ◽  
Early History ◽  
People Of Color ◽  
Annual Conference ◽  
History Of ◽  
Society Annual

This article, based on the remarks delivered by the author at the Eleanor Chelimsky forum at the Eastern Evaluation Research Society annual conference in 2016, discusses Ambrose Caliver, an evaluator of color who worked for the federal government during segregation. Caliver’s history is an important contribution to the evaluation tree. This article discusses Caliver’s contribution to our field and the importance of recognizing people of color within the history of evaluation.

“Even The Black Women Wear Strands of Pearls”

2018 ◽  
pp. 78-127
Author(s):  
Molly A. Warsh
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Early History ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Union ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Pearl Fishing ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Black Pearl

This chapter considers the enduring significance of the Caribbean pearl-fishing settlements in the second half of the sixteenth century. In the wake of a devastating tsunami in 1541, the Pearl Coast never again reached the pearl-producing heights of the 1520s and 1530s, yet its complex political economy demanded constant crown attention and recognition of the centrality of black pearl divers to the region’s identity, as evidenced by the royal coat of arms granted to Margarita Island in 1600. This era coincided with the political merger of Portugal and Spain, a contentious political union with profound repercussions for the rules governing the movement of people and products within and beyond Iberian realms. Pearls and pearl fishing, meanwhile, continued to evoke maritime wealth and power beyond Spain, explored in art by painters charged with conveying the wonders of a world in transformation. As royal chroniclers reflected on the early history of the American pearl fisheries with an eye to assessing the errors and accomplishments of the past, crown officials sought to improve their management of these unruly settlements. Meanwhile, enslaved laborers in Venezuela and diplomats in England and Italy continued to use pearls to navigate the changing parameters of their lives.

The Suspension Clause in the Early Republic

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda L. Tyler
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Early Republic ◽  
War Of 1812 ◽  
Habeas Corpus ◽  
Federal Level ◽  
Suspension Model ◽  
International Character

The period following ratification of the Constitution is possibly most significant for the fact that it did not witness any suspensions of habeas corpus at the federal level, notwithstanding the occurrence of two insurrections that challenged the authority of the federal government and at least one major war of international character on American soil. Nonetheless, studying the government’s handling of the Whiskey and Fries Rebellions, the Burr Conspiracy, and the War of 1812, as well as early Supreme Court opinions, reveals many insights into how the Suspension Clause was understood during the early Republic. Among other things, the evidence explored here underscores that during this period, all three branches of government understood the Suspension Clause to adopt the English suspension model and embrace a constitutional privilege born out of the English Habeas Corpus Act that required charging suspected traitors criminally in the absence of a suspension.

Some early history of replica techniques for electron microscopy

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1076-1077
Author(s):  
Robert M. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Early History ◽  
Bulk Materials ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Reflected Light ◽  
History Of ◽  
Electron Microscopes

By 1940, a half dozen or so commercial or home-built transmission electron microscopes were in use for studies of the ultrastructure of matter. These operated at 30-60 kV and most pioneering microscopists were preoccupied with their search for electron transparent substrates to support dispersions of particulates or bacteria for TEM examination and did not contemplate studies of bulk materials. Metallurgist H. Mahl and other physical scientists, accustomed to examining etched, deformed or machined specimens by reflected light in the optical microscope, were also highly motivated to capitalize on the superior resolution of the electron microscope. Mahl originated several methods of preparing thin oxide or lacquer impressions of surfaces that were transparent in his 50 kV TEM. The utility of replication was recognized immediately and many variations on the theme, including two-step negative-positive replicas, soon appeared. Intense development of replica techniques slowed after 1955 but important advances still occur. The availability of 100 kV instruments, advent of thin film methods for metals and ceramics and microtoming of thin sections for biological specimens largely eliminated any need to resort to replicas.

The early history of tuberous sclerosis

1979 ◽  
Vol 115 (11) ◽  
pp. 1317-1319 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Tuberous Sclerosis ◽  
Early History ◽  
History Of

New Light on the Early History of the Greater Northwest

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Henry ◽  
David Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Early History ◽  
History Of
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