scholarly journals How Intellectual Communities Progress

Episteme ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Lewis D. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Epistemic Position ◽  
Intellectual Community ◽  
Epistemic States ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Mere Presence ◽  
The Right ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Philosophical Progress

Abstract Recent work takes both philosophical and scientific progress to consist in acquiring factive epistemic states such as knowledge. However, much of this work leaves unclear what entity is the subject of these epistemic states. Furthermore, by focusing only on states like knowledge, we overlook progress in intermediate cases between ignorance and knowledge – for example, many now celebrated theories were initially so controversial that they were not known. This paper develops an improved framework for thinking about intellectual progress. Firstly, I argue that we should think of progress relative to the epistemic position of an intellectual community rather than individual inquirers. Secondly, I show how focusing on the extended process of inquiry (rather than the mere presence or absence of states like knowledge) provides a better evaluation of different types of progress. This includes progress through formulating worthwhile questions, acquiring new evidence, and increasing credence on the right answers to these questions. I close by considering the ramifications for philosophical progress, suggesting that my account supports rejecting the most negative views while allowing us to articulate different varieties of optimism and pessimism.

scholarly journals How Intellectual Communities Progress

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis Ross
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Epistemic Position ◽  
Intellectual Community ◽  
Epistemic States ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Mere Presence ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Philosophical Progress

Recent work takes both philosophical and scientific progress to consist in acquiring factive epistemic states such as knowledge. However, much of this work leaves unclear what entity is the subject of these epistemic states. Furthermore, by focusing only on states like knowledge, we overlook progress in intermediate cases between ignorance and knowledge—for example, many now celebrated theories were initially so controversial that they were not known. This paper develops an improved framework for thinking about intellectual progress. Firstly, I argue that we should think of progress relative to the epistemic position of an intellectual community rather than individual inquirers. Secondly, I show how focusing on the extended process of inquiry (rather than the mere presence or absence of states like knowledge) provides a better evaluation of different types of progress. This includes progress through formulating worthwhile questions, acquiring new evidence, and increasing credence on the right answers to these questions. I close by considering the ramifications for philosophical progress, suggesting that my account supports rejecting the most negative views while allowing us to articulate different varieties of optimism and pessimism.

Lending to the Borrower from Hell

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio Drelichman ◽  
Hans-Joachim Voth
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Sovereign Debt ◽  
Risk Sharing ◽  
The United States ◽  
Philip Ii ◽  
Loan Contracts ◽  
The Right ◽  
Intelligent Model ◽  
New Evidence

Why do lenders time and again loan money to sovereign borrowers who promptly go bankrupt? When can this type of lending work? As the United States and many European nations struggle with mountains of debt, historical precedents can offer valuable insights. This book looks at one famous case—the debts and defaults of Philip II of Spain. Ruling over one of the largest and most powerful empires in history, King Philip defaulted four times. Yet he never lost access to capital markets and could borrow again within a year or two of each default. Exploring the shrewd reasoning of the lenders who continued to offer money, the book analyzes the lessons from this historical example. Using detailed new evidence collected from sixteenth-century archives, the book examines the incentives and returns of lenders. It provides powerful evidence that in the right situations, lenders not only survive despite defaults—they thrive. It also demonstrates that debt markets cope well, despite massive fluctuations in expenditure and revenue, when lending functions like insurance. The book unearths unique sixteenth-century loan contracts that offered highly effective risk sharing between the king and his lenders, with payment obligations reduced in bad times. A fascinating story of finance and empire, this book offers an intelligent model for keeping economies safe in times of sovereign debt crises and defaults.

Chow Rings, Decomposition of the Diagonal, and the Topology of Families (AM-187)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Voisin
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Chow Groups ◽  
Ring Structure ◽  
Complete Intersections ◽  
Algebraic Varieties ◽  
Chow Ring ◽  
Hodge Structures ◽  
Chow Rings ◽  
Geometric Methods ◽  
The Right

This book provides an introduction to algebraic cycles on complex algebraic varieties, to the major conjectures relating them to cohomology, and even more precisely to Hodge structures on cohomology. The book is intended for both students and researchers, and not only presents a survey of the geometric methods developed in the last thirty years to understand the famous Bloch-Beilinson conjectures, but also examines recent work by the author. It focuses on two central objects: the diagonal of a variety—and the partial Bloch-Srinivas type decompositions it may have depending on the size of Chow groups—as well as its small diagonal, which is the right object to consider in order to understand the ring structure on Chow groups and cohomology. An exploration of a sampling of recent works by the author looks at the relation, conjectured in general by Bloch and Beilinson, between the coniveau of general complete intersections and their Chow groups and a very particular property satisfied by the Chow ring of K3 surfaces and conjecturally by hyper-Kähler manifolds. In particular, the book delves into arguments originating in Nori's work that have been further developed by others.

Valid Signature Detection and Verification for Security of Individual Person

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Varun Sharma ◽  
Narpat Singh
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Early Research ◽  
Individual Person ◽  
Signature Detection ◽  
Online Signature ◽  
The Right ◽  
Handwritten Signature

In the recent research work, the handwritten signature is a suitable field to detection of valid signature from different environment such online signature and offline signature. In early research work, a lot of unauthorized person put the signature and theft the data in illegal manner from organization or industries. So we have to need identify, the right person on the basis of various parameters that can be detected. In this paper, we have proposed two methods namely LDA and Neural Network for the offline signature from the scan signature image. For efficient research, we have focused the comparative analysis in terms of FRR, SSIM, MSE, and PSNR. These parameters are compared with the early work and the recent work. Our proposed work is more effective and provides the suitable result through our method which leads to existing work. Our method will help to find legal signature of authorized use for security and avoid illegal work.

scholarly journals The Sliding Scale between Usufruct and Ownership: The Example of Swedish Multi-Family Housing

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 311
Author(s):  
Anna Granath Hansson ◽  
Peter Ekbäck ◽  
Jenny Paulsson
Keyword(s):  
Property Rights ◽  
General Level ◽  
Multifamily Housing ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Sliding Scale ◽  
Family Housing ◽  
The Right

This paper aims to elucidate the sliding scale between usufruct and ownership by applying a property rights framework to three Swedish forms of tenure in multifamily housing. The framework deconstructs the bundles of rights of rental, tenant-ownership and ownership to highlight commonalities and differences connected to the right to use and exclude, the right to transfer and the right to the value. It is concluded that the three tenure forms have many traits in common but that there are distinct differences in some areas, most notably in connection to the right to the value. The property rights framework applied in the study may be applicable also on a general level as a method to analyze and compare tenures of different types in different countries. Further, ways to improve the framework and cover more facets of outcomes of property rights patterns are suggested.

scholarly journals XIII. Letter from Captain Nepean, to the Right Hon. the Earl of Aberdeen, K.T., President, communicating an account of certain Antiquities excavated, under his direction, in the Island of Sacrificios: followed by a Report upon the examination of them, by Samuel Birch, Esq.

Archaeologia ◽  
1844 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 138-143
Author(s):  
Evan Nepean
Keyword(s):  
Central America ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Musical Instruments ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Right

The public curiosity has been much roused by Stevens's recent work on Central America, as well as by the late visit of Mr. Walker and Captain Caddy of the Artillery, to Palenque, and other ancient cities in that quarter.I have the honour to acquaint your Lordship, as President of the Society of Antiquaries, that, having been lately on service in the gulph of Mexico, whilst laying off the island of Sacrificios, I caused several excavations to be made there, and succeeded in digging up various articles of pottery, idols, and musical instruments; amongst other specimens, are three or four types, or signets, with hieroglyphics, which may perhaps throw some light on the origin of the Mexicans, or the still more ancient race that preceded them.

scholarly journals Flare phenomenon in prostate cancer: recent evidence on new drugs and next generation imaging

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 175883592098765
Author(s):  
Vincenza Conteduca ◽  
Giulia Poti ◽  
Paola Caroli ◽  
Sabino Russi ◽  
Nicole Brighi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Response Assessment ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Biological Mechanisms ◽  
Early Discontinuation ◽  
Flare Phenomenon ◽  
Discontinuation Of Treatment ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Treatment Response Assessment ◽  
New Evidence

Over the years, an increasing proportion of metastatic prostate cancer patients has been found to experience an initial bone flare phenomenon under both standard therapies (androgen deprivation therapy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, abiraterone, enzalutamide) and novel agents (immunotherapy, bone-targeting radioisotopes). The underlying biological mechanisms of the flare phenomenon are still elusive and need further clarification, particularly in relation to different types of treatment and their treatment response assessment. Flare phenomenon is often underestimated and, in some cases, can negatively affect clinical outcome. In cases with suspected bone flare, the treatment should be continued for a minimum of 12 more weeks before further decisions about efficacy can be taken. Physicians and patients should be aware of this effect to avoid unwarranted anxiety and inadequate early discontinuation of treatment. This review aims at highlighting new evidence on flare phenomenon arising after the introduction of new drugs extending across the biochemical, radiographic and clinical spectrum of the disease.

scholarly journals When Does HARKing Hurt? Identifying When Different Types of Undisclosed Post Hoc Hypothesizing Harm Scientific Progress

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 308-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Rubin
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Literature Search ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Research Report ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Replication Crisis ◽  
Post Hoc

Hypothesizing after the results are known, or HARKing, occurs when researchers check their research results and then add or remove hypotheses on the basis of those results without acknowledging this process in their research report ( Kerr, 1998 ). In the present article, I discuss 3 forms of HARKing: (a) using current results to construct post hoc hypotheses that are then reported as if they were a priori hypotheses; (b) retrieving hypotheses from a post hoc literature search and reporting them as a priori hypotheses; and (c) failing to report a priori hypotheses that are unsupported by the current results. These 3 types of HARKing are often characterized as being bad for science and a potential cause of the current replication crisis. In the present article, I use insights from the philosophy of science to present a more nuanced view. Specifically, I identify the conditions under which each of these 3 types of HARKing is most and least likely to be bad for science. I conclude with a brief discussion about the ethics of each type of HARKing.

scholarly journals Freedom and Engineering for All

2012 ◽  
Vol 134 (09) ◽  
pp. 32-37
Author(s):  
Jessica M. Wyndham
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Educational Program ◽  
American Association ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Professional Societies ◽  
Academic Instruction ◽  
Scientists And Engineers ◽  
The Right ◽  
Engineering Enterprise

This article discusses benefits and challenges in engaging engineers in connecting engineering and human rights. Engineers have a vital role to play in giving visibility to human rights, particularly in matters relevant to their field or discipline. Academic instruction in ethics is increasingly viewed as integral to a rigorous educational program in science or engineering. The Science and Human Rights Coalition of the American Association for the Advancement of Science is one network of professional societies that recognize a role for scientists and engineers in human rights. An important way in which engineers can protect and promote human rights is by ensuring that the products they develop benefit people in need. Engineers have human rights that need to be respected in order for the engineering enterprise to flourish and the benefits of engineering to be broadly enjoyed. Engineers have opportunities to contribute to human rights compliance when designing and implementing projects, and to contribute to the realization of the right to benefit from scientific progress and its applications.

Spinoza über Tiere

2014 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominik Perler
Keyword(s):  
Human Beings ◽  
Privileged Status ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Right

Abstract:According to Spinoza, there is no categorical distinction between human and non-human animals: they all belong to the same nature and all consist of bodies with corresponding ideas. This thesis gives rise to two problems. How is it possible to distinguish different types of animals, in particular nonrational and rational ones, if all of them have the same metaphysical structure? And why does Spinoza nevertheless claim that human beings have a privileged status that gives them the right to use non-rational animals? This paper examines these two problems, arguing that the solution to both of them lies in Spinoza’s all-embracing naturalism.

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