scholarly journals DISAGREEMENT AND EASY BOOTSTRAPPING

Episteme ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Eyal Tal
Keyword(s):  
Irrational Belief ◽  
Rational Belief ◽  
Central Question ◽  
Rational Beliefs ◽  
Rational Agents ◽  
Epistemic Akrasia ◽  
First Response ◽  
The One

ABSTRACTShould conciliating with disagreeing peers be considered sufficient for reaching rational beliefs? Thomas Kelly argues that when taken this way, Conciliationism lets those who enter into a disagreement with an irrational belief reach a rational belief all too easily. Three kinds of responses defending Conciliationism are found in the literature. One response has it that conciliation is required only of agents who have a rational belief as they enter into a disagreement. This response yields a requirement that no one should follow. If the need to conciliate applies only to already rational agents, then an agent must conciliate only when her peer is the one irrational. A second response views conciliation as merely necessary for having a rational belief. This alone does little to address the central question of what is rational to believe when facing a disagreeing peer. Attempts to develop the response either reduce to the first response, or deem necessary an unnecessary doxastic revision, or imply that rational dilemmas obtain in cases where intuitively there are none. A third response tells us to weigh what our pre-disagreement evidence supports against the evidence from the disagreement itself. This invites epistemic akrasia.

HOW RATIONAL BELIEFS AND IRRATIONAL BELIEFS AFFECT PEOPLE'S INFERENCES: AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION

2000 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank W. Bond ◽  
Windy Dryden
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Irrational Beliefs ◽  
Irrational Belief ◽  
Rational Belief ◽  
Rational Beliefs ◽  
Behaviour Therapy ◽  
Principal Mechanism ◽  
Primary Mechanism ◽  
Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy ◽  
Functional Content

Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT) hypothesizes that the functionality of inferences is primarily affected by the preferential and demanding nature of rational and irrational beliefs, respectively. It is then, secondarily, influenced by the functional and dysfunctional contents to which rational and irrational beliefs, respectively, refer. This hypothesis was tested by asking 96 participants to imagine themselves holding one of four specific beliefs: a rational belief with a preference and a functional content, an irrational belief with a demand and a dysfunctional content, a rational belief with a functional content and no preference, and an irrational belief with a dysfunctional content and no demand. Participants imagined themselves holding their belief in an imaginary context, whilst rating the extent of their agreement to 14 functional and dysfunctional inferences. Contrary to REBT theory, results indicated that rational and irrational beliefs had the same magnitude of effect on the functionality of inferences, whether they referred to a preference/demand+contents, or only contents. The discussion maintains that preferences and demands may not constitute the principal mechanism through which rational and irrational beliefs affect the functionality of inferences. Instead, consistent with Beck's cognitive therapy, belief contents may constitute this primary mechanism.

Ruler Visibility and Popular Belonging in the Ottoman Empire, 1808-1908

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darin Stephanov
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
The Other ◽  
Group Consciousness ◽  
Central Question ◽  
Point Model ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
National Movements ◽  
Tanzimat Reforms ◽  
The One

‘What do we really speak of when we speak of the modern ethno-national mindset and where shall we search for its roots?’ This is the central question of a book arguing that the periodic ceremonial intrusion into the everyday lives of people across the Ottoman Empire, which the annual royal birthday and accession-day celebrations constituted, had multiple, far-reaching, and largely unexplored consequences. On the one hand, it brought ordinary subjects into symbolic contact with the monarch and forged lasting vertical ties of loyalty to him, irrespective of language, location, creed or class. On the other hand, the rounds of royal celebration played a key role in the creation of new types of horizontal ties and ethnic group consciousness that crystallized into national movements, and, after the empire’s demise, national monarchies. The book discusses the themes of public space/sphere, the Tanzimat reforms, millet, modernity, nationalism, governmentality, and the modern state, among others. It offers a new, thirteen-point model of modern belonging based on the concept of ruler visibility.

Reasoning Without the Conjunction Closure

Episteme ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Alicja Kowalewska
Keyword(s):  
Computational Complexity ◽  
Error Rate ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Rational Belief ◽  
Rational Agents ◽  
Confidence Levels

Abstract Some theories of rational belief assume that beliefs should be closed under conjunction. I motivate the rejection of the conjunction closure, and point out that the consequences of this rejection are not as severe as it is usually thought. An often raised objection is that without the conjunction closure people are unable to reason. I outline an approach in which we can – in usual cases – reason using conjunctions without accepting the closure in its whole generality. This solution is based on the notion of confidence levels, which can be defined using probabilities. Moreover, on this approach, reasoning has a scalable computational complexity adaptable to cognitive abilities of both rationally bounded and perfectly rational agents. I perform a simulation to assess its error rate, and compare it to reasoning with conjunction closure.

Conspiracy Thinking, Tolerance, and Democracy

2018 ◽  
pp. 187-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven M. Smallpage
Keyword(s):  
Central Question ◽  
University Professors ◽  
Conspiracy Theories ◽  
The Public ◽  
Thoughtful Reflection ◽  
Conspiracy Beliefs ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The One ◽  
Independent Thinking ◽  
Conspiracy Thinking

When university professors engage with conspiracy theories, the public is pushed to the limit in terms of what it will or will not tolerate. Professors that publicly hold conspiracy beliefs force the central question of political tolerance: what is the line between the intellectual inquiry that allows for communities to flourish, on the one hand, and the expression of viewpoints that undermine that community’s integrity altogether, on the other? The line is blurry, as careful skepticism underlies both the best academic work and the psychology of conspiracy thinking. Since conspiracy theorists often anger, provoke, and sometimes harass the public, we must decide as a community if we will tolerate professors who hold controversial conspiracy beliefs. Such decisions require thoughtful reflection on the similarities and differences between conspiracy thinking and its relationship to desirable traits of democratic citizens, like tolerance, independent thinking, and academic freedom.

scholarly journals PENERAPAN KONSELING RATIONAL EMOTIVE BEHAVIORAL DALAM MENGURANGI TINGKAT IRRATIONAL BELIEF KAUM LESBIAN

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
Silvianetri Silvianetri
Keyword(s):  
Irrational Belief ◽  
Rational Belief ◽  
Hostile Environment ◽  
Behavioral Counseling ◽  
Self Talk ◽  
The Family ◽  
Rational Emotive ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Evil People ◽  
Implementation Stage

Most lesbians are irrational belief in the opposite sex. They consider men to be untrustworthy and evil people. This can be obtained from a bad experience in the family, in which the father is less pleasant towards the mother and from a hostile environment. This condition fosters irrational belief of lesbians towards men. Based on these facts, this study aims to reveal how the application of rational emotive behavioral counseling in reducing the level of irrational belief of lesbians. The research method used is action research. The treatment consists of two cycles, in which one cycle consists of four stages, namely (1) planning, (2) implementation, (3) observation, (4) reflection. Especially at the implementation stage of the counseling steps used are; (a). Accessing the client's self talk, (b). Determining the client's underlying belief, (c) Agreeing on more rational belief, (d) Performing rational emotive imagery, (e). Assigning homework, (f) Positive consequence, and (g) Negative consequence. Respondents in this study amounted to 3 people who indicated lesbians. Respondents were taken based on descriptive random sampling. The results of the analysis of research data revealed that rational emotive behavioral counseling can reduce the level of irrational belief of lesbians. Based on these empirical data it can be concluded that counselors can use rational emotive behavioral counseling in reducing the level of irrational belief of lesbians, so that it is expected to reduce lesbian behavior in society.

scholarly journals Rationality in games and institutions

Synthese ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe van Basshuysen
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Design ◽  
Incentive Compatibility ◽  
Social Goals ◽  
General Constraint ◽  
Rational Agents ◽  
Economic Agents ◽  
Incentive Compatible ◽  
Inclusive Concept ◽  
The One ◽  
Orthodox View

AbstractAgainst the orthodox view of the Nash equilibrium as “the embodiment of the idea that economic agents are rational” (Aumann, 1985, p 43), some theorists have proposed ‘non-classical’ concepts of rationality in games, arguing that rational agents should be capable of improving upon inefficient equilibrium outcomes. This paper considers some implications of these proposals for economic theory, by focusing on institutional design. I argue that revisionist concepts of rationality conflict with the constraint that institutions should be designed to be incentive-compatible, that is, that they should implement social goals in equilibrium. To resolve this conflict, proponents of revisionist concepts face a choice between three options: (1) reject incentive compatibility as a general constraint, (2) deny that individuals interacting through the designed institutions are rational, or (3) accept that their concepts do not cover institutional design. I critically discuss these options and I argue that a more inclusive concept of rationality, e.g. the one provided by Robert Sugden’s version of team reasoning, holds the most promise for the non-classical project, yielding a novel argument for incentive compatibility as a general constraint.

Full Belief and Loose Speech

2019 ◽  
Vol 128 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Moss
Keyword(s):  
Rational Beliefs ◽  
Preface Paradox ◽  
Rational Agents ◽  
Full Belief ◽  
The Preface Paradox ◽  
Probabilistic Theories ◽  
The Way

This paper defends an account of full belief, including an account of its relationship to credence. Along the way, I address several familiar and difficult questions about belief. Does fully believing a proposition require having maximal confidence in it? Are rational beliefs closed under entailment, or does the preface paradox show that rational agents can believe inconsistent propositions? Does whether you believe a proposition depend partly on your practical interests? My account of belief resolves the tension between conflicting answers to these questions that have been defended in the literature. In addition, my account complements fruitful probabilistic theories of assertion and knowledge.

Comparison and Cross-Validation of the Irrational Belief Test and the Rational Behavior Inventory

1980 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 541-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph B. Ray ◽  
Joseph S. Bak
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Validation Study ◽  
Irrational Beliefs ◽  
Cross Validation ◽  
Irrational Belief ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rational Behavior ◽  
Female Undergraduate ◽  
The One

The Irrational Belief Test and the Rational Behavior Inventory were given to 27 male and 33 female undergraduate students. The tests were significantly and negatively correlated, indicating that subjects who demonstrated many of the irrational beliefs on the one test also exhibited little rational behavior on the other. The results of this cross-validation study supported the notion that the degree of rationality and irrationality evidenced by college students in the standardization studies is still evidenced by today's youth.

EVIDENCE AND FALLIBILITY

Episteme ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua DiPaolo
Keyword(s):  
Rational Belief ◽  
Misleading Evidence ◽  
First Response ◽  
Evidential Support

ABSTRACTThe “Evidentialist Dictum” says we must believe what our evidence supports, and the “Fallibility Norm” says we must take our fallibility into account when managing our beliefs. This paper presents a problem for the Evidentialist Dictum based in the Fallibility Norm and a particular conception of evidential support. It then addresses two novel Evidentialist responses to this problem. The first response solves the problem by claiming that fallibility information causes “evidence-loss.” In addition to solving the problem, this response appears to explain what's wrong with certain illegitimate dismissals of misleading evidence. However, this explanation opens it up to objections. Next, I consider and pose challenges to an Evidentialist strategy that attempts to solve the problem by converting accounts of fallibility's epistemic significance for rational belief into principles of evidential support. I conclude by sketching a solution that allows us to capture what's true in the Evidentialist Dictum and the Fallibility Norm.

Eugenics and Progressive Thought: a Study in Ideological Affinity

1979 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 645-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Freeden
Keyword(s):  
Political Theory ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Central Question ◽  
The Social ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
A Minor

The issues raised by eugenics are of more than passing interest for the student of political thought. In itself a minor offshoot of turn-of-the-century socio-biological thought which never achieved ideological ‘take-off’ in terms of influence or circulation, there was certainly more in eugenics than nowadays meets the eye. The following pages propose to depart from the over-simplistic identification of eugenics, as political theory, with racism or ultra-conservatism and to offer instead two alternative modes of interpretation. On the one hand, eugenics will be portrayed as an exploratory avenue of the social-reformist tendencies of early-twentieth-century British political thought. On the other, it will serve as a case-study illustrating the complexity and overlapping which characterize most modern ideologies. While recognizing, of course, the appeal of eugenics for the ‘right’, a central question pervading the forthcoming analysis will be the attraction it had for progressives of liberal and socialist persuasions, with the ultimate aim of discovering the fundamental affinities the ‘left’ had, and may still have, with this type of thinking.

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