REASONS TO BELIEVE AND REASONS TO ACT

Episteme ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 427-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stewart Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Rational Requirement ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
The Difference

ABSTRACTI consider the structural differences between reasons to believe and reasons to act. I argue that Mark Schroeder's project of providing a unified account of reasons to believe and reasons to act faces serious difficulties. I also investigate the difference between rational requirement and rational permission. While the difference between these notions in the case of action is a matter of the strength of one's reasons, I argue that in the case of belief, the difference depends on what one is attending to.

scholarly journals Comparison of the fall rate and structure of recent T-7 XBT manufactured by Sippican and TSK

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 1811-1847 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kizu ◽  
C. Sukigara ◽  
K. Hanawa
Keyword(s):  
Quadratic Form ◽  
Water Entry ◽  
Rate Coefficients ◽  
Fall Rate ◽  
Current Standard ◽  
Expendable Bathythermograph ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Fall Rates ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Temperature Depth

Abstract. The fall rate of recent T-7 expendable bathythermograph (XBT) is evaluated based on a series of concurrent measurement with a calibrated Conductivity Temperature Depth profiler (CTD) in the sea east of Japan. An emphasis is placed on comparing the fall rates of T-7 produced by the two present manufacturers, the Lockheed Martin Sippican Inc., and the Tsurumi Seiki Co. Ltd., which have been believed to be identical but had never been compared directly. It is found that the two manufacturers' T-7 fall at rates different by about 3.5%. The Sippican T-7 falls slower than the current standard equation by Hanawa et al. (1995) gives by about 2.1%, and the TSK T-7 falls faster than it tells by about 1.4%. The fall-rate coefficients estimated based on the present sea test by applying the equation of traditional quadratic form, d(t)=at−bt2 where d is depth in meters and t is the time elapsed, since the water entry of the probe, in seconds, are a=6.553 and b=0.00221 for the LMS T-7, and a=6.803 and b=0.00242 for the TSK T-7. By detail examination of the probes, it is revealed that the two companies' T-7 have different total weight and many structural differences. Because the difference in the fall rate is about twice larger than the difference in weight (about 2%), it is inferred that those structural differences give sizable impact to the difference in their fall rates. Our results clearly show that the recent T-7 of the two companies needs to be discriminated.

scholarly journals Comparison of the fall rate and structure of recent T-7 XBT manufactured by Sippican and TSK

Ocean Science ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kizu ◽  
C. Sukigara ◽  
K. Hanawa
Keyword(s):  
Quadratic Form ◽  
Rate Equation ◽  
Total Weight ◽  
Rate Coefficients ◽  
Fall Rate ◽  
Expendable Bathythermograph ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Fall Rates ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Temperature Depth

Abstract. The fall rate of recent T-7 expendable bathythermograph (XBT; 760 m) is evaluated based on a series of concurrent measurement with a calibrated Conductivity Temperature Depth profiler (CTD) in the sea east of Japan. An emphasis is placed on comparing the fall rates of T-7 produced by the two present manufacturers, the Lockheed Martin Sippican Inc., and the Tsurumi Seiki Co. Ltd., which have been believed to be identical but had never been compared directly. It is found that the two manufacturers' T-7 fall at rates different by about 3.5%. The Sippican T-7 falls slower than given by the fall-rate equation (FRE) of Hanawa et al. (1995) by about 2.1%, and the TSK T-7 falls faster by about 1.4%. The fall-rate coefficients estimated based on the sea test by applying the equation of traditional quadratic form, d(t)=at−bt2 where d is depth in meters and t is the time elapsed, in seconds, are a=6.553 (m s−1) and b=0.00221 (m s−2) for the LMS T-7, and a=6.803 (m s−1) and b=0.00242 (m s−2) for the TSK T-7. By detail examination of the probes, we found that the two companies' T-7 have different total weight and many structural differences. Because the difference in the fall rate is about twice larger than the difference in weight (about 2%), it is inferred that the structural differences give sizable impact to the difference in their fall rates. Our results clearly show that the recent T-7 of the two companies needs to be discriminated.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Changes in the Structure of the Transverse Arch of the Normal and Hallux Valgus Feet under Different Loading Positions

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hala Zeidan ◽  
Yusuke Suzuki ◽  
Yuu Kajiwara ◽  
Kengo Nakai ◽  
Kanako Shimoura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hallux Valgus ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Quiet Standing ◽  
Arch Height ◽  
Imaging Device ◽  
Transverse Arch ◽  
Weight Shift ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Imagej Software

The transverse arch of the foot receives and transfers loads during gait. We aim to identify the difference in its structure between normal feet and hallux valgus (HV) feet and the effects of loading. Two groups, Without-HV and With-HV (HV ≥ 20°), were assessed using a weight-bearing plantar ultrasound imaging device to view the structure of the transverse arch. Measurements were recorded in sitting, quiet standing, and 90% weight-shift (90% W.S.) loading positions on the tested foot. Images were then processed using ImageJ software to analyze the transverse arch length (TAL), the length between the metatarsal heads (MTHs), transverse arch height (TAH), and the height of each MTH. TAL significantly increased in all positions in the With-HV group compared to that in the Without-HV group. It also increased in both groups under loading. TAH was not significantly higher in the With-HV group than in the Without-HV group in sitting and standing positions, except in the 90% W.S position, where both groups showed similar results. TAH decreased in both groups under loading. In summary, the structure of the transverse arch changes in HV feet and under loading conditions. This finding will help understand the structural differences between normal and HV feet and help resolve shoe fit problems in individuals with HV deformity.

Ontogeny and heterochrony in the ostracode Cavellina Coryell from Lower Permian rocks in Kansas

Paleobiology ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 290-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter N. Schweitzer ◽  
Roger L. Kaesler ◽  
G. P. Lohmann
Keyword(s):  
Life Histories ◽  
Morphological Difference ◽  
Structural Difference ◽  
Lower Permian ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Know How ◽  
Taxonomic Level ◽  
Yield Information ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
The Difference

Animals evolve by changing their form and by changing the rate at which they develop. Since evolution of development through time may be directly related to the adaptation of their life histories, study of ontogeny in fossils may yield information about the ecology of extinct animals. We need to know how to measure animals' ontogeny and at what taxonomic level structural differences overshadow differences in development. Two closely related species of the Permian ostracode Cavellina were compared to determine how much of the morphological difference between them is due to differences in their ontogenies. Most of the difference is not related to ontogeny. They also differ in a way that could be explained by heterochrony, although this difference is secondary in importance to the structural difference. These findings suggest that ecological adaptation might best be studied by examining the changes in development that occur within species through time and space.

Morality as a Rational Requirement

Philosophy ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-453
Author(s):  
Julian Baggini
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Major Obstacle ◽  
John Searle ◽  
Rational Requirement ◽  
The Difference

John Searle has recently produced an argument for strong altruism which rests on the recognition that ‘I believe my need for help is a reason for you to help me’. The argument fails to recognize the difference between ‘a reason for me for you to help me’ and ‘a reason for you for you to help me.’ These are two logically distinct types of reason and the existence of one can never therefore be enough to establish the existence of the other. The existence of this logical gap is a major obstacle for any argument for morality as a rational requirement that attempts to universalise from reasons individual persons have to act morally.

scholarly journals The role of focus marking in disjunctive questions: A QUD-based approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 654
Author(s):  
Morwenna Hoeks
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Congruence Condition ◽  
Contrastive Topic ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Alternative Questions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
Focus Marking

Disjunctive questions are ambiguous: they can either be interpreted as polar questions (PolQs), as open disjunctive questions (OpenQs), or as closed alternative questions (ClosedQ). The goal of this paper is to show that the difference in interpretation between these questions can be derived via effects of focus marking directly. In doing so, the proposal brings out the striking parallel between the prosody of questions with foci/contrastive topics on the one hand and that of alternative questions on the other. Unlike previous approaches, this proposal does not rely on structural differences between AltQs and PolQs derived via ellipsis or syntactic movement. To show how this works out, an account of focus and contrastive topic marking in questions is put forward in which f-marking in questions determines what constitutes a possible answer by signaling what the speaker's QUD is like. By imposing a congruence condition between f-marked questions and their answers that requires answers to resolve the question itself as well as its signaled QUD, we predict the right answerhood conditions for disjunctive questions.

scholarly journals Temporal dynamics of soil nematode community structure under invasive Ambrosia trifida and native Chenopodium serotinum

2007 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Liang ◽  
F. Li ◽  
Q. Li ◽  
W. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Nematode Community ◽  
Soil Nematode ◽  
Ambrosia Trifida ◽  
Soil Nematode Community ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Abandoned Cropland ◽  
Structure Index ◽  
The Difference

AbstractTemporal dynamics of soil nematode community structure at the depth of 0 — 30 cm was compared under invasive Ambrosia trifida and native Chenopodium serotinum in an abandoned cropland in Northeast China. The results showed the difference of nematode taxa and dominant genera under A. trifida and C. serotinum during the study period. Acrobeloides and Paratylenchus were found to be dominant genera under both A. trifida and C. serotinum. Helicotylenchus prevailed in soil with C. serotinum, while Macroposthonia was dominant in soil with A. trifida. Nematode taxa was higher under A. trifida than under C. serotinum from June to September. Except in the July, significantly higher numbers of plant-parasites were observed under A. trifida than under C. serotinum during the study period (P < 0.05). Nematode taxa, Simpson index and structure index were found to be sensitive indicators that detected nematode community structural differences under A. trifida and C. serotinum during the study period.

Research on the Stress-Strain Law of Abutment Approach Embankment Filled with Liquid Fly Ash

2014 ◽  
Vol 1065-1069 ◽  
pp. 536-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Liang Li ◽  
Can Zhang Jin ◽  
Chun Feng Yang ◽  
Heng Nan Gao
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Computational Analysis ◽  
Filling Material ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Filling Height ◽  
Bridge Approach ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Horizontal Thrust

Because of the narrow condition of bridge approach embankment, the large compacting machines can not use in the embankment construction. The differential settlement between abutment and approach embankment was easy to produce. Coupled with the the structural differences of the abutment and embankment, how to ensure abutment stable and prevent bridge head bump has been an engineering roadblock in the abutment approach embankment filling engineering. The key factor to solve the problem of the roadblock is reducing the horizontal thrust of embankment on abutment and the difference in settlement between road and bridge. Test results showed that liquid fly ash is a new lightweight value material of self-compacting, which has higher strength, stiffness and smaller density. Using liquid fly ash as the bridge-approach embankment filling material can effectively reduce the horizontal thrust of embankment on abutment and decrease its own settlement deformation. ANSYS computational analysis showed that when we use liquid fly ash filling the bridge approach embankment, the horizontal thrust of the same position will increase with the increase of the filling height, and the value is lesser than the horizontal thrust of soil filling subgrade. Pavement settlement increases with the filling height increasing, but it is significantly less than the general soil filling subgrade.

The No-Thing of God: Psychoanalysis of Religion After Lacan

2018 ◽  
pp. 570-588
Author(s):  
Richard Boothby
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The Unconscious ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
The Difference

This chapter traces some main lines of Jacques Lacan’s interpretation of religion and divinity, which differs significantly from Freud’s critique. Orienting ourselves with respect to what Lacan calls das Ding, the enigmatic desire of the Other, it is possible to sketch a Lacanian analysis of religion parallel to that offered by Kant in Religion Within the Limits of Reason Alone. The difference is that where Kant looked to find in religious representations, especially those of Christianity, the underlying dynamics of pure rationality and of a morality founded upon it, Lacan discerns the very structure of subjectivity and its relation to the unknown Other. New perspectives are thereby opened up on a whole series of problems, including the unconscious dynamics of enjoyment, practices of sacrifice, the structural differences between various religions, and Christian doctrines of incarnation, love, and mystical unknowing.

Structural studies on C-amidated amino acids and peptides: structures of hydrochloride salts of C-amidated Ile, Val, Thr, Ser, Met, Trp, Gln and Arg, and comparison with their C-unamidated counterparts

2001 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuko In ◽  
Mayumi Fujii ◽  
Yasuhiro Sasada ◽  
Toshimasa Ishida
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Hydrogen Bonding ◽  
Crystal Packing ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Interaction Patterns ◽  
Structural Studies ◽  
Salt Formation ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
The Difference

To elucidate the structural features of amino acids caused by the C-terminal α-amidation, the crystal structures of HCl salts of C-terminal amidated Ile, Val, Thr, Ser, Met, Trp, Gln and Arg were analysed and compared with those of their C-terminal free acids. The bonding parameter of the amide group was little affected by the different chemical properties of the side chains. As for the molecular packing patterns, some structural differences were observed by the C-amidation. The Cα—H...O hydrogen bonds and carbonyl–carbonyl interactions were more strengthened by the salt formation with HCl in C-amides than C-acids. Furthermore, there is a clear difference between the interaction patterns with Cl ions. In most C-amide crystals, Cl ions are bifurcately hydrogen-bonded to two neighbouring amide NH2 groups and the parallel layers of the C-amides and Cl ions are alternatively formed. In the case of the carboxyl OH in C-acid crystals, however, the direct hydrogen bond with the Cl ion is not always observed and is largely dependent on the crystal packing environment. This suggests the superior hydrogen-bonding ability of NH...Cl− compared with OH...Cl−. The difference in hydrogen-bonding ability between the amide and carboxyl groups is considered, based on the spatial dispositions of the hydrogen-bonding polar atoms/groups.

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