HOW TO BE A REDUNDANT REALIST

Episteme ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt L. Sylvan
Keyword(s):  
Group Agency ◽  
Personal Belief ◽  
True Reading ◽  
The Status ◽  
Group Belief ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Group Agents ◽  
Striking Fact

AbstractIn Group Agency, List and Pettit (L&P) defend ‘non-redundant realism’ about group agency, a view on which (A) facts about group agents are not ‘readily reducible’ to facts about individuals, and (B) the dependence of group agents on individuals is so holistic that one cannot predict facts about group agents on the basis of facts about their members. This paper undermines L&P's case in three stages. §1 shows that L&P's core argument is invalid. L&P infer (A) and (B) from two facts: (1) that group agents must often believe what few members personally believe, and (2) that a group agent's beliefs in certain propositions must often ‘depend on’ member attitudes to distinct propositions. I note that (2) is ambiguous, and that the only true reading of it is irrelevant to the status of (A). I argue further that (1) cannot support (A), since a group agent's belief in P may neatly constitutively depend on member attitudes to P that are weaker than personal belief. §2 makes this idea concrete with a plausible toy theory of group belief that implies it. While this kind of theory is popular in the literature on joint belief, L&P never discuss it – a striking fact, since it explains why (1) is true. Having made these points, I turn to argue in §3 that (B) is either false or uncontroversial.

The Easy Approach to Group Agency. A Simple Realist View on Group Agents

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-102
Author(s):  
Andreea Popescu
Keyword(s):  
Group Agency ◽  
Group Agents ◽  
Realist View ◽  
As If

"We talk about groups as doing something, we talk as if groups have agency. Is our talk legitimate? Are there group agents? Is there something like group agency? In this paper, I discuss two ontological frameworks concerning existence questions: the Quinean framework and the Thomasson-Carnap framework. I apply them to the problem of group agency. I review the Quinean-oriented literature debating the existence of group agents and its methodological background. I argue, via Thomasson’s easy approach to ontology, that deflationism can simplify the debate surrounding group agents. Thus, I argue for a Thomasson-Carnap framework and show that it is better suited to answer the particular question whether there are group agents. More specifically, I argue for a non-reductive simple realist view on group agents, i.e. I argue for the truth of “There are group agents,” via analytic entailments, by truths about the actions and deeds of groups. Keywords: Analytic Entailments, Deflationism, Group agency, Group agents, Simple Realism "

scholarly journals Pengelolaan Supervisi Akademik Pengawas Sekolah di Sekolah Dasar Negeri Ngadirejan Kecamatan Pringkuku Kabupaten Pacitan

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-82
Author(s):  
Wiyono Wiyono
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Learning Activities ◽  
School Superintendent ◽  
School Teaching ◽  
The Status ◽  
Collection Data ◽  
Negative Perceptions ◽  
School Learning ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Using Data

The objectives of this study are (1) to describe the implementation of the regulatory supervision of the elementary school learning activities, and (2) to describe the implications of the implementation of the regulatory supervision of the elementary school learning activities. The place of research in SDN  Ngadirejan Pringkuku Pacitan. Collecting data using observations, interviews and documentation. Analysis using data collection, data reduction, data presentation and conclusion. The results showed that: (1) Implementation of the regulatory supervision of teaching in schools on SDN Ngadirejan are in three stages, the school superintendent supervision is based on collaboration with the principal; Problems faced by the school supervisor is supervising the status of rank, seniority and friendship.  (2) The implications of the effectiveness of the regulatory supervision of school on school teaching are the level of preparedness of the schools, the school is very positive perception that supervisors provide assistance, guidance, direction and experience of the teacher towards professionalism and very few negative perceptions, success are achieved after supervision is the existence of physical development for the better.

EPISTEMOLOGY IN GROUP AGENCY: SIX OBJECTIONS IN SEARCH OF THE TRUTH

Episteme ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrizio Cariani
Keyword(s):  
New Wave ◽  
Group Agency ◽  
Group Agents

AbstractList and Pettit's Group Agency is an extremely important book, spearheading a new wave of work on the metaphysics, epistemology and ethics of group agents. In this article, I focus on the epistemological thread in their discussion. After introducing the apparatus they use in analyzing the epistemic performance of groups, I criticize some elements and point to some ways in which the very same apparatus could be redirected to address them.

Is Our Group An Agent? Do We Want It To Be?

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-551
Author(s):  
Mark N. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Real World ◽  
Civil Society Organizations ◽  
Group Agency ◽  
Excellent Starting Point ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
Political Associations ◽  
Group Agents ◽  
Ideal Group

Christian List and Philip Pettit’s new book, Group Agency: The Possibility, Design, and Status of Corporate Agents, is an interesting, timely, and extremely clever synthesis of the deliverances of their recent technical work on the philosophical, moral and legal nature of group agents. Their meticulously developed ideal group agent provides an excellent starting point for analytic reflection on group agency, identity, epistemology, and responsibility. Insofar as it is their intent for their account to have real world consequences, their model provides a template for political associations, businesses, and civil society organizations. This review essay explains List and Pettit’s model and then points out two unattractive features. First, a bird’s eye view of the conditions required to achieve ideal group agency reveals limitations that may make it impossible to realize. Second, some of these groups, especially businesses and civil society organizations, will find the model unattractive, limiting its real world applicability.

scholarly journals Wetlands Conference in the Camargue

Oryx ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-40
Author(s):  
A. Daubercies
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Executive Board ◽  
International Union ◽  
North West ◽  
Temperate Wetlands ◽  
Progressive Loss ◽  
The Status ◽  
Special Project ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Conservation And Management

The progressive loss of marshes, bogs and others wetlands through drainage and “improvement” led the Executive Board and the Ecology Commission of the International Union for Conservation of Nature to undertake a special project—project MAR—on the conservation and management of temperate wetlands. As with their African Special Project, the work is divided into three stages. First came the collection of data on the status and importance of wetlands and the methods by which they might most profitably be conserved: also the compiling of an inventory of important wetland areas in Europe and north-west Africa.

Law and the Theory of the Affective Family

1984 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eileen Spring
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Family Type ◽  
Property Law ◽  
Family Development ◽  
Patriarchal Family ◽  
New Family ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Status ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Strategic Space

In his seminal work, The Family, Sex, and Marriage in England 1500-1800, Lawrence Stone cites legal change as part of the evidence for his claim that a new sort of family marked the eighteenth century. Property law especially is pointed to as proof that the patriarchal family had given way to what has come to be known as the affective family. It was, of course, natural to seek a basis in law for a theory of family development. Law at any time tells us much about family life. It is certainly fundamental to changes that are said to mark the affective family. Because of an increase in affect (or in another word, love) it is claimed that the new family type saw an increase in the independence of children, and an increase in the status and property of women. Indeed, recognizing the importance of law, Stone has found each of his three stages in family history to be paralleled in property law. The discussion of law does not occupy much space; but it occupies strategic space. Law is the first, or almost the first, thing discussed in each of the stages of the family. The legal arrangements governing property are not just a part of the evidence for the theory; they are a most important part. They can be seen to provide the framework, the hard structure, on which the theory is built. “The hardest evidence”—Stone's words—for the great change he sees in the eighteenth century he finds in law.

Spelling reformers and artificial language advocates

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-303
Author(s):  
Roberto Garvía
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Political Environment ◽  
Artificial Language ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Status ◽  
International Standing ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Last Stage ◽  
Neutral Language

Abstract This article explores the shifting relations that took place from the last decades of the 19th to the first years of the 20th century between two of the most innovative language movements of the time: the spelling reform and the artificial language movements. The article focuses on the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany and France. Although both movements shared a similar language ideology which run counter to the organicist perception of language and emphasized its democratic function, the article shows how the shifting political environment in which they operated affected their relation. The article identifies three stages. In a first stage, and convinced that the reform of the spelling and the promotion of an artificial, neutral language were not mutually exclusive projects, the spelling reformers were favorably inclined towards artificial language projects. In a second stage relations began to skew when some reformers advocated for the “natural Esperanto” solution, which implied the promotion of a small language to the status of the international lingua franca. In the last stage, when nationalist sentiments and international rivalries mounted, the spelling reformers broke ties with the artificial language movement and worked to improve as much as possible the international standing of their own languages.

scholarly journals The Emplementation of Health Protocol Facilities through Handwashing and Social Distancing Education in The Tourism Area of Pecel Kampong, Ngerangan Village Klaten Regency

2022 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 742-747
Author(s):  
Novia Sari Ristianti ◽  
Nurhadi Bashit ◽  
Desyta Ulfiana ◽  
Grandy Loranessa Wungo ◽  
Fauzi Janu Amarrohman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Death Rate ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Central Java ◽  
The Status ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Entire World

The COVID-19 pandemic has plagued the entire world, including Indonesia. The step to breaking the spread chain of COVID-19 is to apply health protocols such as handwashing and social distancing. The Covid-19 case in Klaten Regency Central Java for ten weeks until early February 2021 with the status of the Red Zone and death rate is 14.1 percent. Ngerangan Tourism Village has a thematic kampong with culinary and nature attractions, such as Pecel Kampong. The number of visitors reaches 600 tourists per day. This causes tourist sites to be clusters most prone to the spread of COVID-19 and must be equipped with adequate health protocols. Therefore, this service aims to implement health protocols during the Covid 19 pandemic through hand washing and social distancing. The service method has three stages, namely information, guidance, and habitual independence. The output of this service is in the form of technology that is socialized and donated in handwashing behavior in the form of 3 portable footstep sinks, four jerry cans of handwashing soap, one hand washing educational banner, and one banner for implementing health protocols. Meanwhile, the technology that was socialized and granted in the implementation of Social Distancing was in the form of 1 banner for implementing social distancing and 20 stickers indicating the implementation of social distancing.

The epistemology of group agents

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Keith (Keith Raymond) Harris
Keyword(s):  
University Of Missouri ◽  
Group Agent ◽  
Group Belief ◽  
The University ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Group Agents

[ACCESS RESTRICTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT AUTHOR'S REQUEST.] "The ultimate foci of this dissertation are group belief and justified group belief. As we will see, many models of both concepts have been proposed, and it is clear in many cases that these models are not intended to capture the same phenomena. Pluralism about group belief and justified group belief, understood generally, may thus be appropriate. My aim in this dissertation is to develop accounts of the beliefs and justified beliefs of group agents, rather than diffuse collections of individuals. Ultimately, we will find that no existing models of group belief or justified group belief correctly model the attitudes held by group agents. There is much work to be done before arguing for these points. Understanding what it is for a group agent to hold a belief requires a greater understanding of group agents and their relations to their members. In this chapter, I review a series of proposals for understanding this relation. I argue that existing accounts of the relationship between group agents and their members are either incorrect or incomplete. Insights from existing approaches point toward a fuller account of the relationship between group agents and their members."--Introduction

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