scholarly journals Improving design grammar development and application through network-based analysis of transition graphs

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corinna Königseder ◽  
Tino Stanković ◽  
Kristina Shea
Keyword(s):  
Spoken Language ◽  
Language Design ◽  
Automated Synthesis ◽  
Formal Representation ◽  
Support Design ◽  
Rule Application ◽  
Grammar Rules ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Transition Graphs ◽  
Grammar Development

Design grammars enable the formal representation of a vocabulary and rules that describe how designs can be synthesized just as the grammar rules of a spoken language define how to formulate valid, i.e., grammatically correct, sentences. Design grammars have been successfully applied in numerous engineering disciplines and enable the automated synthesis of designs within a defined design language. Design grammar development, however, is challenging and lacks methodological support. In this paper, a novel method is presented that supports the development and application of design grammars using transition graphs. In these, nodes represent generated designs and edges represent grammar rules that transform one design into another. Rather than using a tree structure to represent the possible application of rules, transition graphs are automatically generated and used to help designers better understand the developed grammar. The grammar designer is given feedback on (a) the rules, and (b) rule application sequences. This feedback can be used to (a) improve the grammar, and (b) apply it more efficiently. Two case studies, a gearbox synthesis task and a sliding tile puzzle, demonstrate the method. The results show the feasibility of the method to support design grammar development and application.

Automated Synthesis of MEMS Fabrication Sequences Using Graph Grammars

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saneet A. Jawalkar ◽  
Matthew I. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Expert System ◽  
Machine Tool ◽  
Mechanical Systems ◽  
Automated Synthesis ◽  
Manufacturing Constraints ◽  
Graph Grammars ◽  
Mems Fabrication ◽  
Grammar Rules ◽  
Design Software ◽  
Automated Process

The design of any MEMS component is subject to stringent manufacturing constraints. The knowledge about these constraints seems to be available to designers who have experienced the details of MEMS fabrication. In this paper, we put forth the idea of automatically generating a fabrication sequence for surface micro-machined MEMS components using the knowledge stored in grammar rules. As an analogy to CAD tools used in mechanical systems, we envision creating a tool which has the Pro-Engineer approach of determining fabrication sequences for a machine tool based on the final part shape. This tool could be an integral addition to the current MEMS design software so that the designers can freely draft devices and then allow an automated process to determine the fabrication sequence. In this paper we give a brief introduction about the graph grammars. Data from already designed MEMS components is extracted in the form of rules to create an expert system. We have also included an example of generation of the fabrication sequence for several MEMS components.

A Formal Representation of Function Structure Graphs for Physics-Based Reasoning

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiradeep Sen ◽  
Joshua D. Summers ◽  
Gregory M. Mocko
Keyword(s):  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Balance Laws ◽  
Formal Representation ◽  
Function Structure ◽  
Formal Reasoning ◽  
Ontology Language ◽  
Grammar Rules ◽  
Aided Design ◽  
Representational Validity ◽  
Local Grammar

The paper presents a formal representation for modeling function structure graphs in a consistent, grammatically controlled manner, and for performing conservation-based formal reasoning on those models. The representation consists of a hierarchical vocabulary of entities, relations, and attributes, and 33 local grammar rules that permit or prohibit modeling constructs thereby ensuring model consistency. Internal representational consistency is verified by committing the representation to a Protégé web ontology language (OWL) ontology and examining it with the Pellet consistency checker. External representational validity is established by implementing the representation in a Computer Aided Design (CAD) tool and using it to demonstrate that the grammar rules prohibit inconsistent constructs and that the models support physics-based reasoning based on the balance laws of transport phenomena. This representation, including the controlled grammar, can serve, in the future, as a basis for additional reasoning extensions.

Suggesting Error Corrections of Path Expressions and Categories for Tree-Mapping Grammars

2007 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Vor Der Brück ◽  
Stephan Busemann
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Natural Language Generation ◽  
Derivation Tree ◽  
Grammar Rule ◽  
Language Generation ◽  
Error Corrections ◽  
Grammar Rules ◽  
Linguistic Input ◽  
The Given ◽  
Grammar Development

AbstractTree mapping grammars are used in natural language generation (NLG) to map non-linguistic input onto a derivation tree from which the target text can be trivially read off as the terminal yield. Such grammars may consist of a large number of rules. Finding errors is quite tedious and sometimes very time-consuming. Often the generation fails because the relevant input subtree is not specified correctly. This work describes a method to detect and correct wrong assignments of input subtrees to grammar categories by cross-validating grammar rules with the given input structures. The method also detects and corrects the usage of a category in a grammar rule. The result is implemented in a grammar development workbench and accelerates the grammar writer's work considerably. The paper suggests the algorithms can be ported to other areas in which tree mapping is required.

scholarly journals Some Tendencies in the Functioning of Deverbal Nouns (Lexical Nominalizations) in the Modern Evenki

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-25
Author(s):  
E. L. Rudnitskaya
Keyword(s):  
Characteristic Feature ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Gender Agreement ◽  
Abstract Noun ◽  
Grammar Rules

The paper deals with derivational processes: meaning and syntactic functions of deverbal nouns in the literary and spoken Evenki. Three affixes are considered: -kīt (nominalization with the meaning of the place of the action, or of an abstract action), -ďĀk (nominalization with the meaning of the place of the action), and -wūn (derived nouns with -wūn have the meaning of the result of the action, of the instrument, an abstract noun meaning, etc.). It is mentioned in grammars and vocabularies that -kīt shows a quite regular polysemy ‘place of action’ vs ‘abstract noun’; This polysemy is based on real uses in newspapers (the ‘abstract noun’ meanings found in the texts are often not listed in the dictionaries). The affix -ďĀk can have only the ‘place of action’ meaning in both written and spoken texts. The affix -wūn has a lot of nominal meaning; the ‘abstract noun’ meaning is found both in the literary and in the spoken language. This meaning is widely mentioned in dictionaries and grammars. All of the three affixes occur in the prenominal adjective / modifier position with the modification function. Cases of functioning of these three affixes as adjectives / modifiers are hardly mentioned in the dictionaries, and especially in the grammars, whereas you can find the nouns with -ďĀk, -kīt, -wūn in the noun modifier function in literary texts regularly. In this function, the nominalization loses important morphological properties of a noun, such as ability to bear a possessive or reflexive affix. The nominalization in the noun modifier position can optionally agree with the noun it modifies in case and/or number: this is a characteristic feature of Evenki adjectives. In spoken texts, we have found only ‑wūn nominals in the modifier position; overall, these nominals demonstrate case/gender agreement more often than nominals with -kīt and -ďĀk. We can conclude that the modifier use of deverbal nouns with -wūn and especially with -ďĀk and -kīt as adjectives is an innovation, and that the spoken Evenki preserves more archaic grammar rules than the newspaper (literary) language. These data also confirm the claims of G. M Vasilevich and I. Nikolaeva that nouns and adjectives are not two distinct categories in Evenki: they are not fully differentiated neither in the lexicon, nor in grammar. Not only a considerable amount of stems are, following G. M. Vasilevich, “undifferentiated”, or under-differentiated, but the number of such affixes is also increasing.

A Simulation-Driven Graph Grammar Method for the Automated Synthesis of Passive Dynamic Brachiating Robots

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fritz R. Stöckli ◽  
Kristina Shea
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Simulation ◽  
Dynamic Systems ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Automated Design ◽  
Graph Grammar ◽  
Automated Synthesis ◽  
Continuous Contact ◽  
Grammar Rules ◽  
System Properties ◽  
Tree Branch

Topologic configurations of passive dynamic locomotion robots are usually designed manually by human designers and often bio-inspired. However, it is possible that, among the large number of possible configurations, some valid solutions to the problem exist that are potentially superior to existing solutions and, at the same time, different from bio-inspired or otherwise intuition-inspired configurations, and thus not likely discovered without an automated design method. This paper addresses the problem of the automated design of passive dynamic systems in general by introducing a graph grammar based method that integrates dynamic simulation to evaluate and evolve configurations. In particular, the method is shown to find different, new solutions to the problem of the design of two-dimensional passive dynamic continuous contact brachiating robots. Brachiating is the swinging locomotion of primates moving from one tree branch to the next. The presented graph grammar rules preserve system properties among robot topologies, which makes it possible to maintain the necessary symmetry of the brachiating configurations. A separation of parametric optimization and topologic synthesis actions is proposed for the synthesis of passive dynamic systems. Compared to research on automated synthesis of robot topologies that use dynamic simulation to evaluate actuated and controlled robotic systems, this paper contributes a method to automatically generate alternative topologies for passive dynamic systems, which do not draw energy from a power source.

Finite State Automata-Based Representation of Device States for Function Modeling of Multi-Modal Devices

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-44
Author(s):  
Ahmed Chowdhury ◽  
Lakshmi Narasimhon Athinarayana Venkatanarasimhan ◽  
Chiradeep Sen
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Systems Design ◽  
Automata Theory ◽  
System Level ◽  
State Transitions ◽  
Operational Mode ◽  
Formal Representation ◽  
Continuous State ◽  
Finite State ◽  
Grammar Rules

Abstract Graph-based function models used in early-stage systems design usually represent only one operational mode of the system. Currently there is a need but no rigorous formalism to model multiple possible modes and states of a device in the same model and to perform model-based reasoning with that information such as predicting state transitions or causal propagations. This paper presents a formal representation of operational modes and states of technical devices based on automata theory for both discrete and continuous state transitions. It then presents formal definitions of three signal-processing verbs that actuate or regulate energy flows: Actuate_E, Regulate_E_Discrete, and Regulate_E_Continuous. The graphical templates, definitions, grammar rules, and application of each verb in modeling is illustrated. Finally, the representation is validated by implementing it on a graphical function modeling tool and using it to illustrate the verbs' modeling and reasoning ability for predicting mode and state transitions in response to control signals and cause-and-effect propagation throughout system-level models.

A computational tool for creative idea generation based on analogical reasoning and ontology

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 462-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji Han ◽  
Feng Shi ◽  
Liuqing Chen ◽  
Peter R.N. Childs
Keyword(s):  
Analogical Reasoning ◽  
Idea Generation ◽  
Formal Representation ◽  
Computational Tool ◽  
Support Design ◽  
Creative Idea ◽  
Design Creativity ◽  
Design Activities ◽  
Real World Datasets

AbstractAnalogy is a core cognition process used to produce inferences as well as new ideas using previous knowledge and experience. Ontology is a formal representation of a set of domain concepts and their relationships. The use of analogy and ontology in design activities to support design creativity have previously been explored. This paper explores an approach to construct ontologies with sufficient richness and coverage to support reasoning over real-world datasets for prompting creative idea generation. This approach has been implemented into a computational tool for assisting designers in generating creative ideas during the early stages of design. The tool, called “the Retriever”, has been developed based on ontology by embracing the aspects of analogical reasoning. A case study has indicated that the tool can be effective and useful for idea generation. The results have indicated that the tool, in its current formulation, can significantly improve the fluency and flexibility of idea generation and the usefulness of ideas, as well as slightly increase the originality of ideas, for the case study concerned.

The removal and morphology of intact biofilms from implanted venous access devices

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 1020-1021
Author(s):  
M.A. Gregory ◽  
G.P. Hadley
Keyword(s):  
Patient Selection ◽  
Surgical Oncology ◽  
Venous Access ◽  
Common Procedure ◽  
Indwelling Catheters ◽  
Careful Patient ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Vascular Catheters ◽  
Venous Access Devices

The insertion of implanted venous access systems for children undergoing prolonged courses of chemotherapy has become a common procedure in pediatric surgical oncology. While not permanently implanted, the devices are expected to remain functional until cure of the primary disease is assured. Despite careful patient selection and standardised insertion and access techniques, some devices fail. The most commonly encountered problems are colonisation of the device with bacteria and catheter occlusion. Both of these difficulties relate to the development of a biofilm within the port and catheter. The morphology and evolution of biofilms in indwelling vascular catheters is the subject of ongoing investigation. To date, however, such investigations have been confined to the examination of fragments of biofilm scraped or sonicated from sections of catheter. This report describes a novel method for the extraction of intact biofilms from indwelling catheters.15 children with Wilm’s tumour and who had received venous implants were studied. Catheters were removed because of infection (n=6) or electively at the end of chemotherapy.

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