scholarly journals A Matrix-Based Approach to Investigate the Geometrical Dependencies between Non-Driving-Related Tasks and Future Vehicle Concepts

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 2815-2822
Author(s):  
Niko Seebach ◽  
Marcel Rück ◽  
Frank Arlt ◽  
Beate Bender
Keyword(s):  
Early Phase ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Geometrical Characteristics ◽  
Torso Angle ◽  
Set Up

AbstractCaused by the technology of automated driving the user is temporarily released from driving and can perform non-driving-related tasks (NDRTs), such as sleeping or working. The aim of this paper is to describe the geometrical interdependencies between NDRTs and different vehicle types, to be able to integrate them in the geometric package of the early phase of the vehicle conception. To address the objective a literature based study of existing approaches for vehicle conception and NDRT-studies was carried out. Additionally interviews with n=15 experts from the automotive conception department and a databased analysis of n=259 vehicles was conducted. Based on these investigations 91 geometrical characteristics for NDRTs and vehicle types werde determined and combined through a matrix-based approach. By analysing the approach highly connected characteristics such as the torso angle were identified and equations were set up to describe the relations. The approach can be used for different NDRTs such as relaxing and working and different vehicle types such as sporty cars or SUVs in order to integrate them into the package.

scholarly journals Puritan Lecturers and Anglican Clergymen during the Early Years of the English Civil Wars

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Youngkwon Chung
Keyword(s):  
Civil Wars ◽  
Early Phase ◽  
Early Years ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Political Climate ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Base Of Support ◽  
The City ◽  
Urgent Necessity

During the early years of the Civil Wars in England, from February 1642 to July 1643, Puritan parishioners in conjunction with the parliament in London set up approximately 150 divines as weekly preachers, or lecturers, in the city and the provinces. This was an exceptional activity surrounding lectureships including the high number of lecturer appointments made over the relatively brief space of time, especially considering the urgent necessity of making preparations for the looming war and fighting it as well. By examining a range of sources, this article seeks to demonstrate that the Puritan MPs and peers, in cooperation with their supporters from across the country, tactically employed the institutional device of weekly preaching, or lectureships, to neutralize the influence of Anglican clergymen perceived as royalists dissatisfied with the parliamentarian cause, and to bolster Puritan and pro-parliamentarian preaching during the critical years of 1642–1643. If successfully employed, the device of weekly lectureships would have significantly widened the base of support for the parliament during this crucial period when people began to take sides, prepared for war, and fought its first battles. Such a program of lectureships, no doubt, contributed to the increasing polarization of the religious and political climate of the country. More broadly, this study seeks to add to our understanding of an early phase of the conflict that eventually embroiled the entire British Isles in a decade of gruesome internecine warfare.

scholarly journals A Fail-Operational Control Architecture Approach and Dead-Reckoning Strategy in Case of Positioning Failures

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 442
Author(s):  
Jose Angel Matute-Peaspan ◽  
Joshue Perez ◽  
Asier Zubizarreta
Keyword(s):  
Dead Reckoning ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Control Architecture ◽  
Minimal Risk ◽  
Operational Control ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Risk Condition ◽  
Driving Task ◽  
System Verification ◽  
Set Up

Presently, in the event of a failure in Automated Driving Systems, control architectures rely on hardware redundancies over software solutions to assure reliability or wait for human interaction in takeover requests to achieve a minimal risk condition. As user confidence and final acceptance of this novel technology are strongly related to enabling safe states, automated fall-back strategies must be assured as a response to failures while the system is performing a dynamic driving task. In this work, a fail-operational control architecture approach and dead-reckoning strategy in case of positioning failures are developed and presented. A fail-operational system is capable of detecting failures in the last available positioning source, warning the decision stage to set up a fall-back strategy and planning a new trajectory in real time. The surrounding objects and road borders are considered during the vehicle motion control after failure, to avoid collisions and lane-keeping purposes. A case study based on a realistic urban scenario is simulated for testing and system verification. It shows that the proposed approach always bears in mind both the passenger’s safety and comfort during the fall-back maneuvering execution.

scholarly journals The L3Pilot Data Management Toolchain for a Level 3 Vehicle Automation Pilot

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 809 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Hiller ◽  
Sami Koskinen ◽  
Riccardo Berta ◽  
Nisrine Osman ◽  
Ben Nagy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Management ◽  
Reference Architecture ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Iterative Processing ◽  
Vehicle Owner ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
System Functioning ◽  
Comprehensive Test ◽  
Vehicle Automation ◽  
Set Up

As industrial research in automated driving is rapidly advancing, it is of paramount importance to analyze field data from extensive road tests. This paper investigates the design and development of a toolchain to process and manage experimental data to answer a set of research questions about the evaluation of automated driving functions at various levels, from technical system functioning to overall impact assessment. We have faced this challenge in L3Pilot, the first comprehensive test of automated driving functions (ADFs) on public roads in Europe. L3Pilot is testing ADFs in vehicles made by 13 companies. The tested functions are mainly of Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) automation level 3, some of them of level 4. In this context, the presented toolchain supports various confidentiality levels, and allows cross-vehicle owner seamless data management, with the efficient storage of data and their iterative processing with a variety of analysis and evaluation tools. Most of the toolchain modules have been developed to a prototype version in a desktop/cloud environment, exploiting state-of-the-art technology. This has allowed us to efficiently set up what could become a comprehensive edge-to-cloud reference architecture for managing data in automated vehicle tests. The project has been released as open source, the data format into which all vehicular signals, recorded in proprietary formats, were converted, in order to support efficient processing through multiple tools, scalability and data quality checking. We expect that this format should enhance research on automated driving testing, as it provides a shared framework for dealing with data from collection to analysis. We are confident that this format, and the information provided in this article, can represent a reference for the design of future architectures to implement in vehicles.

Automated driving for car manufacturers’ vehicle logistics

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 222-227
Author(s):  
Marius Wenning ◽  
Sebastian Kawollek ◽  
Achim Kampker
Keyword(s):  
Power Supply ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Autonomous Driving ◽  
Functional Safety ◽  
Driver Assistance ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Electric Power Supply ◽  
Legal Challenges ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
Set Up

AbstractTechnical and legal challenges cause the implementation of Autonomous Driving in road traffic to still be a long way off. However, the introduction of driver assistance functions enables cars’ automation for low speeds already nowadays. The concept of Autonomous Transport (AT) combines automated driving with Automated Guided Vehicle’s technology. In this paper, we assess risks that emanate from AT and show fields of action for its implementation with respect to the standards for functional safety. We set up requirements for the reliability of cars’ electric power supply, actuators and sensors. Concepts for their cost-efficient fulfillment are derived. The realization of collision avoidance and navigation without additional attachments is discussed.

Personalised neural networks for a driver intention prediction: communication as enabler for automated driving

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 357-364
Author(s):  
Johannes Reschke ◽  
Cornelius Neumann ◽  
Stephan Berlitz
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
False Positive Rate ◽  
True Positive Rate ◽  
Automated Vehicles ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Positive Rate ◽  
Extensive Introduction ◽  
Light Signals ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Almost All

AbstractIn everyday traffic, pedestrians rely on informal communication with other road users. In case of automated vehicles, this communication can be replaced by light signals, which need to be learned beforehand. Prior to an extensive introduction of automated vehicles, a learning phase for these light signals can be set up in manual driving with help of a driver intention prediction. Therefore, a three-staged algorithm consisting of a neural network, a random forest and a conditional stage, is implemented. Using this algorithm, a true-positive rate (TPR) of 94.0% for a 5.0% false-positive rate (FPR) can be achieved. To improve this process, a personalization procedure is implemented, using driver-specific behaviours, resulting in TPRs ranging from 91.5 to 96.6% for a FPR of 5.0%. Transfer learning of neural networks improves the prediction accuracy of almost all drivers. In order to introduce the implemented algorithm in today’s traffic, especially the FPR has to be improved considerably.

scholarly journals Managing Big Data for Addressing Research Questions in a Collaborative Project on Automated Driving Impact Assessment

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (23) ◽  
pp. 6773
Author(s):  
Francesco Bellotti ◽  
Nisrine Osman ◽  
Eduardo H. Arnold ◽  
Sajjad Mozaffari ◽  
Satu Innamaa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Sensitive Data ◽  
Subjective Data ◽  
Fully Integrated ◽  
Data Validity ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Impact

While extracting meaningful information from big data is getting relevance, literature lacks information on how to handle sensitive data by different project partners in order to collectively answer research questions (RQs), especially on impact assessment of new automated driving technologies. This paper presents the application of an established reference piloting methodology and the consequent development of a coherent, robust workflow. Key challenges include ensuring methodological soundness and data validity while protecting partners’ intellectual property. The authors draw on their experiences in a 34-partner project aimed at assessing the impact of advanced automated driving functions, across 10 European countries. In the first step of the workflow, we captured the quantitative requirements of each RQ in terms of the relevant data needed from the tests. Most of the data come from vehicular sensors, but subjective data from questionnaires are processed as well. Next, we set up a data management process involving several partners (vehicle manufacturers, research institutions, suppliers and developers), with different perspectives and requirements. Finally, we deployed the system so that it is fully integrated within the project big data toolchain and usable by all the partners. Based on our experience, we highlight the importance of the reference methodology to theoretically inform and coherently manage all the steps of the project and the need for effective and efficient tools, in order to support the everyday work of all the involved research teams, from vehicle manufacturers to data analysts.

scholarly journals Pandemic Control in ECON-EPI Networks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Fogli ◽  
Fabrizio Perri ◽  
Mark Ponder ◽  
Marina Azzimonti
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Network Model ◽  
Economic Model ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Early Phase ◽  
Fast Growth ◽  
Social Contacts ◽  
Metro Area ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Improve Health

We develop an ECON-EPI network model to evaluate policies designed to improve health and economic outcomes during a pandemic. Relative to the standard epidemiological SIR set-up, we explicitly model social contacts among individuals and allow for heterogeneity in their number and stability. In addition, we embed the network in a structural economic model describing how contacts generate economic activity. We calibrate it to the New York metro area during the 2020 COVID-19 crisis and show three main results. First, the ECON-EPI network implies patterns of infections that better match the data compared to the standard SIR. The switching during the early phase of the pandemic from unstable to stable contacts is crucial for this result. Second, the model suggests the design of smart policies that reduce infections and at the same time boost economic activity. Third, the model shows that reopening sectors characterized by numerous and unstable contacts (such as large events or schools) too early leads to fast growth of infections.

scholarly journals Imaging radar for automated driving functions

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Hasan Iqbal ◽  
Andreas Löffler ◽  
Mohamed Nour Mejdoub ◽  
Daniel Zimmermann ◽  
Frank Gruson
Keyword(s):  
Automotive Industry ◽  
Short Range ◽  
Dead Reckoning ◽  
Beam Forming ◽  
Parking Functions ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Radar Sensors ◽  
Large Step ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Near Future

Abstract This work presents the implementation of a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) at 77 GHz, for automotive applications. This implementation is unique in the sense that it is a radar-only solution for most use-cases. The set-up consists of two radar sensors, one to calculate the ego trajectory and the second for SAR measurements. Thus the need for expensive GNSS-based dead reckoning systems, which are in any case not accurate enough to fulfill the requirements for SAR, is eliminated. The results presented here have been obtained from a SAR implementation which is able to deliver processed images in a matter of seconds from the point where the targets were measured. This has been accomplished using radar sensors which will be commercially available in the near future. Hence the results are easily reproducible since the deployed radars are not special research prototypes. The successful widespread use of SAR in the automotive industry will be a large step forward toward developing automated parking functions which will be far superior to today's systems based on ultrasound sensors and radar (short range) beam-forming algorithms. The same short-range radar can be used for SAR, and the ultrasound sensors can thus be completely omitted from the vehicle.

Some Geometrical Characteristics of the Long-Lived Solar Filaments

1994 ◽  
Vol 144 ◽  
pp. 387-389
Author(s):  
P. Duchlev ◽  
Z. Mouradian ◽  
V. N. Dermendjiev
Keyword(s):  
Filament Length ◽  
Geometrical Characteristics ◽  
Solar Filaments

AbstractTwo basic geometric quantities - the filament length and the height above the limb of the long-lived filaments are studied. Some statistical relations are obtained.

The Effects of Drying Techniques on Clay-Rich Soil Texture

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 466-467
Author(s):  
T. G. Naymik
Keyword(s):  
Critical Point ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen Temperature ◽  
Drying Methods ◽  
Air Drying ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Critical Point Drying ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Quartz Grains

Three techniques were incorporated for drying clay-rich specimens: air-drying, freeze-drying and critical point drying. In air-drying, the specimens were set out for several days to dry or were placed in an oven (80°F) for several hours. The freeze-dried specimens were frozen by immersion in liquid nitrogen or in isopentane at near liquid nitrogen temperature and then were immediately placed in the freeze-dry vacuum chamber. The critical point specimens were molded in agar immediately after sampling. When the agar had set up the dehydration series, water-alcohol-amyl acetate-CO2 was carried out. The objectives were to compare the fabric plasmas (clays and precipitates), fabricskeletons (quartz grains) and the relationship between them for each drying technique. The three drying methods are not only applicable to the study of treated soils, but can be incorporated into all SEM clay soil studies.

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