scholarly journals Addressing Cognitive Challenges in Design – A Review on Existing Approaches

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 2775-2784
Author(s):  
Weining Ning ◽  
Joy Goodman-Deane ◽  
P. John Clarkson
Keyword(s):  
Capability Approach ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Design Tools ◽  
Cognitive Modelling ◽  
Cognitive Level ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
Effective Design ◽  
Supporting Materials ◽  
Cognitive Design

AbstractInsufficient design often causes challenges to users on a cognitive level, hindering them from interacting with products smoothly. There is a lack of effective design tools and supporting materials that can help designers to understand human cognition and how it affects the way that users experience and use products and services. This paper aims to identify current approaches that can be applied to address this issue, and to examine their strengths and weaknesses. This helps to identify future directions for developing and improving cognitive design supports. A literature review was conducted of research publications in the fields of both design and cognition. Four key approaches are identified: cognitive design principles/guidelines, the demand-capability approach, cognitive walkthrough and cognitive modelling. Their strengths and weaknesses are analyzed from a design standpoint. The paper also analyses the underlying causes of the insufficient uptake of cognitive design approaches by designers.

scholarly journals Strategic Cognitive Sequencing: A Computational Cognitive Neuroscience Approach

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seth A. Herd ◽  
Kai A. Krueger ◽  
Trenton E. Kriete ◽  
Tsung-Ren Huang ◽  
Thomas E. Hazy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Process ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Neural Network Models ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Error Learning ◽  
Cognitive Actions ◽  
Self Instruction ◽  
The Brain

We address strategic cognitive sequencing, the “outer loop” of human cognition: how the brain decides what cognitive process to apply at a given moment to solve complex, multistep cognitive tasks. We argue that this topic has been neglected relative to its importance for systematic reasons but that recent work on how individual brain systems accomplish their computations has set the stage for productively addressing how brain regions coordinate over time to accomplish our most impressive thinking. We present four preliminary neural network models. The first addresses how the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and basal ganglia (BG) cooperate to perform trial-and-error learning of short sequences; the next, how several areas of PFC learn to make predictions of likely reward, and how this contributes to the BG making decisions at the level of strategies. The third models address how PFC, BG, parietal cortex, and hippocampus can work together to memorize sequences of cognitive actions from instruction (or “self-instruction”). The last shows how a constraint satisfaction process can find useful plans. The PFC maintains current and goal states and associates from both of these to find a “bridging” state, an abstract plan. We discuss how these processes could work together to produce strategic cognitive sequencing and discuss future directions in this area.

Identification of Relationships Between Electroencephalography (EEG) Bands and Design Activities

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lixin Liu ◽  
Thanh An Nguyen ◽  
Yong Zeng ◽  
Abdessamad Ben Hamza
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component ◽  
Design Tools ◽  
Alpha Band ◽  
Concordia University ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Design Activities ◽  
Cognitive Activities ◽  
Beta 2 ◽  
Effective Design ◽  
Tools And Methods

Electroencephalography (EEG) study of design activities has been drawing increasing attentions in design cognition research. The aim of this present paper is to identify EEG bands that are associated with design activities through principal component analysis (PCA). Based on the analysis of the data on 32 subjects collected from experiments conducted in the Design Lab at Concordia University, it was found that resting, problem solving and evaluation activities have relations to specific EEG bands. EEG powers of beta-2 (20–30Hz), gamma-1 (20–30Hz), and gamma-2 (30–40Hz) are mostly associated to the design activities whereas resting is mostly associated to alpha band (8–14Hz). In addition, there are differences in frequency above 20Hz between the resting before and after design activities. The work presented in this paper can be used to further quantify designer’s cognitive activities, which will ultimately improve the development of effective design tools and methods.

scholarly journals How Human Single-Neuron Recordings Can Help Us Understand Cognition: Insights from Memory Studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 443
Author(s):  
Zuzanna Roma Kubska ◽  
Jan Kamiński
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Single Neuron ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Memory Studies ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Persistent Activity ◽  
Full Understanding ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Cognitive Theories

Understanding human cognition is a key goal of contemporary neuroscience. Due to the complexity of the human brain, animal studies and noninvasive techniques, however valuable, are incapable of providing us with a full understanding of human cognition. In the light of existing cognitive theories, we describe findings obtained thanks to human single-neuron recordings, including the discovery of concept cells and novelty-dependent cells, or activity patterns behind working memory, such as persistent activity. We propose future directions for studies using human single-neuron recordings and we discuss possible opportunities of investigating pathological brain.

scholarly journals Philosophy goes to school in Australia: A history 1982-2016

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilbert Burgh ◽  
Simone Thornton
Keyword(s):  
Classroom Practice ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Annual Conference ◽  
Philosophy For Children ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Education Society ◽  
History Of ◽  
Supporting Materials ◽  
Rich History

This paper is an attempt to highlight significant developments in the history of philosophy in schools in Australia.[1] We commence by looking at the early years when Laurance Splitter visited the Institute for the Advancement for Philosophy for Children (IAPC). Then we offer an account of the events that led to the formation of what is now the Federation of Australasian Philosophy in Schools Associations (FAPSA), the development and production of a diverse range of curriculum and supporting materials for philosophy in schools, the making of the Australasian journal, and more recent events. Our purpose is to create further interest in exploring this complex and rich history. This will achieve a better understanding of the possible future directions for classroom practice and research.[1]     An earlier draft of this paper was presented at the 45th Annual Conference of the Philosophy of Education Society of Australasia (see Burgh & Thornton 2016).

scholarly journals Older Adult User Feedback on Design and Functionality of EngAGE, a Voice-Activated Exercise Program

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 267-267
Author(s):  
Yadira Montoya ◽  
Saira Shervani ◽  
Chelsea Smith ◽  
Louise Hawkley ◽  
Megan Huisingh-Scheetz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Older Adult ◽  
Feasibility Study ◽  
Real World ◽  
Exercise Program ◽  
User Feedback ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Socially Motivated ◽  
Supporting Materials ◽  
Adult Caregiver

Abstract The EngAGE Alexa app is a socially motivated exercise program targeting older adult-caregiver dyads to promote mobility independence. EngAGE provides exercise routines that older adults can perform in the home in conjunction with a messaging component to facilitate motivation from caregivers and a tracking component to monitor progress. This presentation will describe the qualitative results that have informed the app’s design and evaluation of its feasibility and functionality following a 14-week feasibility study in 10 dyads of older adult exercisers and their caregivers. The presentation will cover the perceived benefits of EngAGE’s older adult users (including “real world” clinically relevant improvements, the comprehensiveness of the exercises, and exercise knowledge gained), as well as likes and dislikes that contributed to our assessment of the app’s functionality. Finally, we will discuss how the feedback contributes to future directions in the development of the app’s features, supporting materials, design and content.

Design of Experiments as Effective Design Tools

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Nasser ◽  
Badih Jawad
Keyword(s):  
Design Of Experiments ◽  
Statistical Technique ◽  
Product Performance ◽  
Design Tools ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Multiple Variables ◽  
Problem Design ◽  
System Variables ◽  
Effective Design ◽  
Significant Factors

Design of Experiment (DOE) provides a highly structured way to study the effects of multiple variables on product performance as well as efficient and effective methods for determining the most significant factors and interactions in a given design problem. Design of Experiments (DOE) is an off line quality improvement methodology that dramatically improves industrial products and processes. Input factors are varied in a planned manner to optimize output responses with minimal variability. Design of Experiments is a standard statistical technique used in quality engineering, pharmaceuticals, manufacturing, and other industries to identify key factors and levels that influence system performance and variability. This technique is especially useful when there is the need to understand the interactions and effects of several system variables and an absence of concrete information. In industry, designed experiments can be used to systematically investigate the process or product variables that influence product quality.

scholarly journals Alzheimer’s Disease: Past, Present, and Future

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 818-831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark W. Bondi ◽  
Emily C. Edmonds ◽  
David P. Salmon
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Old Testament ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Dementia Syndrome ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
Modern Era

AbstractAlthough dementia has been described in ancient texts over many centuries (e.g., “Be kind to your father, even if his mind fail him.” – Old Testament: Sirach 3:12), our knowledge of its underlying causes is little more than a century old. Alzheimer published his now famous case study only 110 years ago, and our modern understanding of the disease that bears his name, and its neuropsychological consequences, really only began to accelerate in the 1980s. Since then we have witnessed an explosion of basic and translational research into the causes, characterizations, and possible treatments for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other dementias. We review this lineage of work beginning with Alzheimer’s own writings and drawings, then jump to the modern era beginning in the 1970s and early 1980s and provide a sampling of neuropsychological and other contextual work from each ensuing decade. During the 1980s our field began its foundational studies of profiling the neuropsychological deficits associated with AD and its differentiation from other dementias (e.g., cortical vs. subcortical dementias). The 1990s continued these efforts and began to identify the specific cognitive mechanisms affected by various neuropathologic substrates. The 2000s ushered in a focus on the study of prodromal stages of neurodegenerative disease before the full-blown dementia syndrome (i.e., mild cognitive impairment). The current decade has seen the rise of imaging and other biomarkers to characterize preclinical disease before the development of significant cognitive decline. Finally, we suggest future directions and predictions for dementia-related research and potential therapeutic interventions. (JINS, 2017, 23, 818–831)

scholarly journals Interpreting Liquid Atomization Efficiency

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Drop Size ◽  
General Definition ◽  
Design Tools ◽  
Sauter Mean Diameter ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Mean Diameter ◽  
Liquid Atomization ◽  
Atomization Efficiency ◽  
Injector Design

Liquid atomization involves several mechanisms transforming a bulk of liquid into small droplets. The atomization efficiency usefulness is questionable considering its low values (0.01-1%). This work presents a general definition for atomization efficiency and explains why the Sauter mean diameter is the appropriate characteristic drop size (and no other mean diameter value). Finally, future directions are suggested for developing injector design tools from atomization efficiency.

A Taxonomy of Mechanical Design

1989 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Ullman
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Parametric Design ◽  
Mechanical Design ◽  
Design Tools ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
Design Studies ◽  
Computer Codes ◽  
Cognitive Design

Abstract Over the last few years there has been a flurry of activity in the study of the mechanical design process. This has been fostered by a perceived lack of efficiency and resulting quality in U.S. product designs compared with those of the Japanese and the Europeans. Research activity is broad and has varied over areas as diverse as: the development of computer codes using AI techniques to solve specific problems requiring expertise in a narrow domain; the commercialization of general, parametric design tools; and the modeling of the human cognitive design process. As results have been published, it has become obvious that the term “design” means different things to different researchers. The field is mature enough to allow techniques and results to be classified, compared and contrasted. However, this is difficult because there is no agreed upon description of the types of design and design studies. In other words, there is a need for a taxonomy to characterize the mechanical design process and the research on it.

Interfacing PATRAN or ANSYS Programs to FIDAP for Analysis of Realistic Engineering Problems

1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Ali Jamnia ◽  
William Chu
Keyword(s):  
Computer Programs ◽  
Computer Hardware ◽  
Design Tools ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Solid Mechanic ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Engineering Problems ◽  
Effective Design

Abstract With the recent advances in the various fields of engineering and the fields of computer hardware and software, a large number of computer programs are being used as design tools in the area of manufacturing. These tools generally deal with parameters and variables specific to one particular area. For instance, a solid mechanic code is equipped with means of specifying forces and displacements and a program designed for magnetics analysis can only have input/output related to magnetics. However, in many realistic systems, a number of these various fields are present and effective design requires coupling of these variables.

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