Breakout Session 2 Summary: Health Planning for All Phases of a Disaster Including Risk Assessment with Concern for Vulnerable Populations

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 361-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junichi Sugawara ◽  
Kevin Yeskey
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Vulnerable Populations ◽  
Disaster Preparedness ◽  
Health Planning ◽  
Health Resources ◽  
Shared Responsibility ◽  
Breakout Session ◽  
List Type ◽  
The Individual

Cross-cutting Principle∙Development of public health communications that connect people and communities to their health resources and needs before, during and after a disaster∙Reduction of health disparities to vulnerable populations as a result of a disaster. An end state should be that every population with similar exposures/incidents have identical health outcomes.∙Public health/disaster preparedness as a shared responsibility that starts at the individual and grows to the community/state

scholarly journals In defence of a single body of clinical and public health, medical ethics

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (S2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre Unger ◽  
Ingrid Morales ◽  
Pierre De Paepe ◽  
Michel Roland
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Care Delivery ◽  
Public Health Practice ◽  
Public Health Ethics ◽  
List Type ◽  
Health Practice ◽  
Health Ethics ◽  
Medical Associations ◽  
Patient’S Autonomy ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Background Since some form of dual clinical/public health practice is desirable, this paper explains why their ethics should be combined to influence medical practice and explores a way to achieve that. Main text In our attempt to merge clinical and public health ethics, we empirically compared the individual and collective health consequences of two illustrative lists of medical and public health ethical tenets and discussed their reciprocal relevance to praxis. The studied codes share four principles, namely, 1. respect for individual/collective rights and the patient’s autonomy; 2. cultural respect and treatment that upholds the patient’s dignity; 3. honestly informed consent; and 4. confidentiality of information. However, they also shed light on the strengths and deficiencies of each other’s tenets. Designing a combined clinical and public health code requires fleshing out three similar principles, namely, beneficence, medical and public health engagement in favour of health equality, and community and individual participation; and adopting three stand-alone principles, namely, professional excellence, non-maleficence, and scientific excellence. Finally, we suggest that eco-biopsychosocial and patient-centred care delivery and dual clinical/public health practice should become a doctor’s moral obligation. We propose to call ethics based on non-maleficence, beneficence, autonomy, and justice – the values upon which, according to Pellegrino and Thomasma, the others are grounded and that physicians and ethicists use to resolve ethical dilemmas – “neo-Hippocratic”. The neo- prefix is justified by the adjunct of a distributive dimension (justice) to traditional Hippocratic ethics. Conclusion Ethical codes ought to be constantly updated. The above values do not escape the rule. We have formulated them to feed discussions in health services and medical associations. Not only are these values fragmentary and in progress, but they have no universal ambition: they are applicable to the dilemmas of modern Western medicine only, not Ayurvedic or Shamanic medicine, because each professional culture has its own philosophical rationale. Efforts to combine clinical and public health ethics whilst resolving medical dilemmas can reasonably be expected to call upon the physician’s professional identity because they are intellectual challenges to be associated with case management.

scholarly journals Honey bee workers reared in a neonicotinoid contaminated in-hive environment

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Odemer ◽  
Franziska Odemer
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Honey Bee ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Plant Protection Products ◽  
List Type ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Behavioral Impairment ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Simple Substitution ◽  
The Individual

ABSTRACTWith the currently updated risk assessment of three neonicotinoid pesticides, the European Food Safety Authority has confirmed that different applications of these substances represent a risk to wild and managed bees and their use was therefore severely restricted. However, to close further gaps in knowledge, this experiment covers exposure of honey bee worker brood reared in a neonicotinoid contaminated in-hive environment with focus on the individual. In a worst case scenario, mini-hives were fed chronically with a sublethal concentration of clothianidin (15 µg/kg), which is highly toxic to bees already in small amounts. Freshly hatched workers from these colonies were subsequently marked and introduced into non-contaminated colonies, where their lifespan and behavior was monitored. Nineteen days after exposure, clothianidin treated bees had no reduced lifespan or showed any signs of behavioral impairment when compared to the control, demonstrating that social buffering is not a simple substitution of dead bees by rearing more brood. Our results suggest that the social environment plays a crucial role for the individual in terms of “superorganism resilience”. These findings are discussed in context with the current use of lower tier test systems in risk assessment and contrary results obtained from laboratory experiments.HIGHLIGHTSSublethal clothianidin treatment did not affect lifespan nor behavior of workers.Effects on individual bees reared within a mini-hive are translatable to full-sized colonies.“Superorganism resilience” is not a simple substitution of dead bees by rearing more brood.Laboratory testing in the risk assessment of plant protection products bears severe weaknesses.

scholarly journals Evaluating Web-based Static, Animated, and Interactive Maps for Injury Prevention

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Cinnamon ◽  
Claus Rinner ◽  
Michael D. Cusimano ◽  
Sean Marshall ◽  
Tsegaye Bekele ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Planning ◽  
Visual Exploration ◽  
Map Comparison ◽  
Interactive Maps ◽  
Map Design ◽  
Health Related ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Demographic Risk ◽  
Demographic Risk Factors

Public health planning can benefit from visual exploration and analysis of geospatial data. Maps and geo-visualization tools must be developed with the user-group in mind. User-needs assessment and usability testing are crucial elements in the iterative process of map design and implementation. This study presents the results of a usability test of static, animated and interactive maps of injury rates and socio-demographic determinants of injury by a sample of potential end-users in Toronto, Canada. The results of the user-testing suggest that different map types are useful for different purposes and for satisfying the varying skill level of the individual user. The static maps were deemed to be easy to use and versatile, while the animated maps could be made more useful if animation controls were provided. The split-screen concepts of the interactive maps was highlighted as particularly effective for map comparison. Overall, interactive maps were identified as the preferred map type for comparing patterns of injury and related socio-demographic risk factors. Information collected from the user-tests is being used to expand and refind the injury webmaps for Toronto, and could inform other public health-related geo-visualization projects.

scholarly journals Change in vaccine willingness in Australia: August 2020 to January 2021

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Biddle ◽  
Ben Edwards ◽  
Matthew Gray ◽  
Kate Sollis
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
National Level ◽  
Indigenous Australians ◽  
List Type ◽  
Public Health Campaign ◽  
Australian Population ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Large Decline

AbstractThe ANU Centre for Social Research and Methods ANU COVID-19 Impact Monitoring Survey Program asked the same group of respondents about their vaccine intentions in August 2020 and January 2021. The paper provides data on the vaccine willingness in Australia as of January 2021 and how this changed since August 2020 both at the national level and for particular individuals. The paper provides estimates of how vaccine willingness has changed for different population sub-groups and the individual level characteristics which are associated with changes in vaccine willingness. We find an overall decrease in vaccine willingness, with the biggest decline being those who would definitely get a vaccine as of August 2020 but said they would only probably get a vaccine as of January 2021. We also look at the factors associated with vaccine willingness, as well as the factors associated with change through time.Executive summaryThe paper provides data on the vaccine willingness in Australia as of January 2021 and how this changed since August 2020 both at the national level and for particular individuals.There has been a substantial increase in vaccine resistance and hesitancy and a large decline in vaccine likeliness between August 2020 and January 2021Combined, 21.7 per cent of Australians said they probably or definitely would not get a safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine in January 2021, a significant and substantial increase from the 12.7 per cent of Australians who gave the same responses in August 2020.At the individual level, 31.9 per cent of Australians became less willing to get the vaccine between August 2020 and January 2021 in that they moved from a more to a less willing category.There were still some Australians who became more willing over the period to get vaccinated (9.9 per cent).The largest single flow across willingness categories was the 18.7 per cent of Australians who went from being definitely willing to get a COVID-19 vaccination to only probably willing to get one. There was a large decline in vaccine certainty, alongside increases in vaccine resistance.We found three attitudinal factors that were particularly important in explaining the decline in willingness. Those Australians who think too much is being made of COVID-19, those who have low confidence in hospitals and the health care system, and those who are not optimistic about the next 12 months had all decreased in terms of their willingness to get vaccinated once a vaccine is available.In addition to campaigns targeting vaccination directly, those programs that improve confidence, remind people of the dangers of COVID-19, but importantly highlight the potential for a much better 2022 all have the potential to improve vaccination rates.Females, Indigenous Australians, those who speak a language other than English at home and those who have not completed Year 12 have all became less willing to get a vaccine since August 2020 compared to the rest of the Australian population.These population groups are arguably the most urgent focus of any public health campaigns to improve willingness, both because they have low willingness to start with, but also because there is the potential opportunity to bring their willingness back to what it was in August 2020 when there was a smaller gap with the rest of the Australian population.There is a real need to consider a significantly enhanced public health campaign in languages other than EnglishThere is a need to convey information to the general public in a way that is informative, reassuring and salient for those without a degree

scholarly journals A Noel Intervention Recurrent autoencoder for real time forecasting and non-pharmaceutical intervention selection to curb the spread of Covid-19 in the world

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiyang Ge ◽  
Zixin Hu ◽  
Shudi Li ◽  
Wei Lin ◽  
Li Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Causal Inference ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Health Planning ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
List Type ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
Peak Number ◽  
Additional Intervention ◽  
The World

ABSTRACTObjectiveDevelop the AI and casual inference-inspired methods for forecasting and evaluating the effects of public health interventions on curbing the spread of Covid-19.MethodsWe developed recurrent neural network (RNN) for modeling the transmission dynamics of the epidemics and Counterfactual-RNN (CRNN) for evaluating and exploring public health intervention strategies to slow down the spread of Covid-19 worldwide. We applied the developed methods to real-time forecasting the confirmed cases of Covid-19 across the world. The data were collected from January 22 to April 18, 2020 by John Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center (https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/MAP.HTML).ResultsThe average errors of 1-step to 10-step forecasting were 2.9%. In the absence of a COVID-19 vaccine, we evaluated the potential effects of a number of public health measures. We found that the estimated peak number of new cases and cumulative cases, and the maximum number of cumulative cases worldwide with one week later additional intervention were reduced to 103,872, 2,104,800, and 2,271,648, respectively. The estimated total peak number of new cases and cumulative cases would be the same as the above and the maximum number of cumulative cases would be 3,864,872 in the world with 3 week later additional intervention. Duration time of the Covid-19 spread would be increased from 91 days to 123 days. Our estimation results showed that we were in the eve of stopping the spread of COVID-19 worldwide. However, we observed that transmission would quickly rebound if interventions were relaxed.ConclusionsThe accuracy of the AI-based methods for forecasting the trajectory of Covid-19 was high. The AI and causal inference-inspired methods are a powerful tool for helping public health planning and policymaking. We concluded that the spread of COVID-19 would be stopped very soon.HighlightsAs the Covid-19 pandemic soars around the world, there is urgent need to forecast the number of cases worldwide at its peak, the length of the pandemic before receding and implement public health interventions to significantly stop the spread of Covid-19.Develop artificial intelligence (AI) and causal inference inspired methods for real-time forecasting and evaluation of interventions on the worldwide trajectory of the spread of Covid-19.We estimated the maximum number of cumulative cases under immediate additional intervention to be 2,271,648; under later additional intervention the number increased to 3,864,872 and the case ending time would be May 25, 2020.Without additional intervention, the spread of COVID-19 would be stopped on July 6, 2020.

scholarly journals Evaluating Web-based Static, Animated, and Interactive Maps for Injury Prevention

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Cinnamon ◽  
Claus Rinner ◽  
Michael D. Cusimano ◽  
Sean Marshall ◽  
Tsegaye Bekele ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Planning ◽  
Visual Exploration ◽  
Map Comparison ◽  
Interactive Maps ◽  
Map Design ◽  
Health Related ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Demographic Risk ◽  
Demographic Risk Factors

Public health planning can benefit from visual exploration and analysis of geospatial data. Maps and geo-visualization tools must be developed with the user-group in mind. User-needs assessment and usability testing are crucial elements in the iterative process of map design and implementation. This study presents the results of a usability test of static, animated and interactive maps of injury rates and socio-demographic determinants of injury by a sample of potential end-users in Toronto, Canada. The results of the user-testing suggest that different map types are useful for different purposes and for satisfying the varying skill level of the individual user. The static maps were deemed to be easy to use and versatile, while the animated maps could be made more useful if animation controls were provided. The split-screen concepts of the interactive maps was highlighted as particularly effective for map comparison. Overall, interactive maps were identified as the preferred map type for comparing patterns of injury and related socio-demographic risk factors. Information collected from the user-tests is being used to expand and refind the injury webmaps for Toronto, and could inform other public health-related geo-visualization projects.

THE ROLE OF EDUCATION ON DISASTER PREPAREDNESS CASE STUDY OF 2012 INDIAN OCEAN EARTHQUAKES ON THAILAND’S

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raya Muttarak ◽  
Wiraporn Pothisiri
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Emergency Preparedness ◽  
Disaster Preparedness ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Disaster Experience ◽  
Individual Household ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
The Individual

In this paper we investigate how well residents of the Andaman coast in Phang Nga province, Thailand, are prepared for earthquakes and tsunami. It is hypothesized that formal education can promote disaster preparedness because education enhances individual cognitive and learning skills, as well as access to information. A survey was conducted of 557 households in the areas that received tsunami warnings following the Indian Ocean earthquakes on 11 April 2012. Interviews were carried out during the period of numerous aftershocks, which put residents in the region on high alert. The respondents were asked what emergency preparedness measures they had taken following the 11 April earthquakes. Using the partial proportional odds model, the paper investigates determinants of personal disaster preparedness measured as the number of preparedness actions taken. Controlling for village effects, we find that formal education, measured at the individual, household, and community levels, has a positive relationship with taking preparedness measures. For the survey group without past disaster experience, the education level of household members is positively related to disaster preparedness. The findings also show that disaster related training is most effective for individuals with high educational attainment. Furthermore, living in a community with a higher proportion of women who have at least a secondary education increases the likelihood of disaster preparedness. In conclusion, we found that formal education can increase disaster preparedness and reduce vulnerability to natural hazards.

Improving Disease Outbreak Forecasting Models for Efficient Targeting of Public Health Resources

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lasantha Fernando ◽  
Sriganesh Lokanathan ◽  
Amal Shehan Perera ◽  
Azhar Ghouse ◽  
Hasitha Tissera
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Resources ◽  
Disease Outbreak ◽  
Forecasting Models

Dealing with COVID-19: lessons learned from the Italian experience

Coronaviruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvana Mirella Aliberti ◽  
Francesco De Caro ◽  
Giovanni Boccia ◽  
Rosario Caruso ◽  
Mario Capunzo
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Coherent System ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
Italian Experience ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
Public Health Officials ◽  
Future Plans

: Italy was the first western nation affected by the pandemic and was observed as a pilot case in the management of the new coronavirus epidemic. The outbreak of COVID-19 disease has been very difficult in Italy, on June 25, 2020 there are 239,821 total cases of which 33,592 deaths nationwide. Three lessons emerged from this experience that can serve as a blueprint to improve future plans for the outbreak of viruses. First, early reports on the spread of COVID-19 can help inform public health officials and medical practitioners in effort to combat its progression; second, inadequate risk assessment related to the urgency of the situation and limited reporting to the virus has led the rapid spread of COVID-19; third, an effective response to the virus had to be undertaken with coherent system of actions and simultaneously.

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