scholarly journals Fertility, migration, and altruism

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-402
Author(s):  
Eli Berman ◽  
Zaur Rzakhanov
Keyword(s):  
Capital Investment ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Cultural Preservation ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Age At Migration ◽  
Intergenerational Altruism ◽  
Will Self ◽  
Migration Costs ◽  
Immigrant Selection ◽  
High Migration

AbstractMigration is a human capital investment in which parents bear costs and children share returns. Therefore, migrants from a population with heterogeneous intergenerational discount rates will self-select on intergenerational altruism. Intergenerational altruism and fertility are arguably linked, therefore immigrants might self-select on eventual fertility. Soviet Jews who migrated to Israel despite high migration costs averaged almost one child more than members of the same birth cohorts who migrated later, at lower cost. Distinguishing selection from treatment effects using mothers' age at migration, selection accounts for most of that difference (the proportion varies with specification), even with controls for religion and religiosity. Selection on fertility may have other explanations, including cultural preservation. To probe, we conduct an alternative empirical test of immigrant selection on altruism, finding that U.S. immigrants spend more time with grandchildren than do natives. Additionally, immigrant self-selection on fertility provides an alternative explanation for Chiswick's (1978, Journal of Political Economy86(5), 897–921) earnings-overtaking result.

scholarly journals Optimal Fiscal Policy When Migration Is Feasible

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Filippo Occhino
Keyword(s):  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
Income Taxes ◽  
Public Expenditures ◽  
Fiscal Policies ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Free Mobility ◽  
Optimal Fiscal Policy ◽  
Migration Costs ◽  
Limiting Case ◽  
High Migration

Abstract This paper investigates how the feasibility of migration affects governments' optimal fiscal policies. We assume that households migrate toward economies where their welfare is higher, governments choose taxes and public expenditures to maximize a weighted sum of the households' welfare, welfare is increasing in public expenditures, and only distortionary labor income taxes are available. In isolated economies, the optimal fiscal policy implies that some households are net fiscal contributors, while other households are net fiscal beneficiaries. When households can migrate, however, governments compete for the households which are net fiscal contributors, and modify the fiscal policy in their favor, lowering their taxes and net fiscal contribution, and increasing their welfare. The magnitude of the effect increases with the sensitivity of migration to welfare. In the limiting case of free mobility, all households are zero net fiscal contributors. As to the patterns of migration, the model predicts that, with high migration costs, all households migrate toward the same high-productivity countries, which benefits low-productivity households, whereas with low migration costs, households with different productivities migrate toward different countries, which benefits high-productivity households.

scholarly journals Low marine food levels mitigate high migration costs in anadromous populations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Catalina Chaparro-Pedraza ◽  
André M. de Roos
Keyword(s):  
Lower Energy ◽  
Fish Populations ◽  
Migratory Fish ◽  
Environmental Threats ◽  
Freshwater Streams ◽  
Risk Of Extinction ◽  
Ecological Success ◽  
Marine Food ◽  
Migration Costs ◽  
High Migration

AbstractMigratory fish populations, like salmon, have dramatically declined for decades. Because of their extensive and energetically costly breeding travel anadromous fish are sensitive to a variety of environmental threats, in particular infrastructure building in freshwater streams and food declines in the ocean. Here, we analyze the effects of these two threats combined. Unexpectedly, we find that low marine food availabilities favor, as opposed to threaten, the ecological success of endangered populations. This counterintuitive effect results from an aspect of individual energetics that individuals switching to higher food levels reach larger sizes with concomitant larger migration costs but have lower energy densities. Surprisingly, the decline of food levels in the ocean after the completion of dams may thus mitigate the risk of extinction of migratory fish populations. This highlights the need of a mechanistic understanding integrating individual energetics, life history, and population dynamics to accurately assess biological consequences of environmental change.

scholarly journals WEALTH CONSTRAINTS, MIGRANT SELECTION, AND INEQUALITY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 535-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joaquín Naval
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Migration Rates ◽  
Education Decisions ◽  
Advanced Stages ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Migration Costs ◽  
High Migration

This paper builds a theoretical framework for studying migration and education in developing countries. Migration and education decisions are affected by migrants' wealth constraints. Technology and migration costs determine the pattern of migration through level of education, income, and wealth inequality. The model predicts that in the first stages of technological development, migration rates increase, as does economic inequality over time, for high migration costs. At more advanced stages of development, migration rates and wealth inequality decline. I show that these predictions are in line with the data.

scholarly journals The Influence of Regional Resident Human Capital Investment on Income Gap Based on the perspective of population migration

2021 ◽  
Vol 235 ◽  
pp. 01028
Author(s):  
Mingfei Ding ◽  
Jinsong Pei
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Data Model ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Human Capital Investment ◽  
Population Migration ◽  
Income Gap ◽  
Test Population ◽  
Positive Effect

With the development of China’s economic level and transportation, China’s population migration scale is constantly enhanced, population migration investment way of human capital investment, has a greater impact on the income level of residents. This paper analyzes the mechanism of population migration’s influence on the income gap and research achievements of predecessors, then on the basis of the eight regional division, has analyzed china area ask migration scale and the present situation of the income gap, and finally by constructing panel data model, the empirical test population migration’s influence on regional smell of resident’s income gap. Finally, it is found that investment in population migration has a long-term positive effect on the income gap.

scholarly journals Research on the Impact of Human capital on the Transformation and Upgrading of China’s Industrial Structure from the Perspective of Low Carbon Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 275 ◽  
pp. 02038
Author(s):  
Yiwen Gao
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Industrial Structure ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

From the perspective of low-carbon, this paper analyzes the impact of human capital on the transformation and upgrading of China’s industrial structure. Firstly, it combs the relevant literature, then theoretically analyzes the mechanism of human capital on the transformation and upgrading of China’s industrial structure, and then selects the energy consumption data of 30 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities (excluding Tibet, Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan) from 2006 to 2016 Human capital data, using panel data analysis for empirical test. The results show that human capital has a positive effect on the low-carbon transformation and upgrading of industrial structure, but there are some differences in the effect on the whole country and different regions in the East, middle and West. Finally, from the perspective of the government, enterprises, schools and individuals, this paper puts forward some countermeasures and suggestions, such as responding to the economic transformation and low-carbon economy policies, strengthening human capital investment, and accelerating the cultivation of low-carbon talents.

What benefits will self-employed doctors receive under social security?

JAMA ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 197 (6) ◽  
pp. 413-416
Author(s):  
R. J. Myers
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Will Self
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