Age culture, school-entry cutoff, and the choices of birth month and school-entry timing in South Korea

2021 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-65
Author(s):  
Taehoon Kim
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Traditional Method ◽  
School Enrollment ◽  
School Entry ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Birth Month ◽  
Entry Timing ◽  
One Year ◽  
Cutoff Date ◽  
Delayed School Entry

AbstractThis study explores how the distinctive Korean age reckoning, the Confucian age culture, and the school-entry-cutoff date affect the decisions of parents on both birth and school-entry timing for their children in Korea. There is a traditional method of age calculation in Korea that all people get one year older on January 1. Korea also has a distinctive age culture influenced by Confucianism. I find a substantial amount of birth and school-entry timing selections around the Korean age-cutoff date, January 1. The estimation results show that children born in January and February delayed school entry by 18.2–21.2 percentage points more than those born in November and December and 24% of births moved from one week before January 1 to one week after when the school-entry cutoff was March 1. After the school-entry cutoff has changed to January 1, children barely delay school enrollment, while more births are moved from December to January: 42% of births are shifted within the 7-day window. These behaviors are made by two motives: (1) parents want their children to have the same Korean age with their classmates because of the Confucian age culture; (2) they also want their children to be relatively older to have academic advantages.

scholarly journals Does Career Risk Deter Potential Entrepreneurs?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua D Gottlieb ◽  
Richard R Townsend ◽  
Ting Xu
Keyword(s):  
Regression Discontinuity ◽  
Regression Discontinuity Design ◽  
Entrepreneurial Ventures ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
Wage Employment ◽  
Low Costs ◽  
One Year ◽  
Cutoff Date

Abstract Do potential entrepreneurs remain in wage employment because of concerns that they will face worse job opportunities should their entrepreneurial ventures fail? Using a Canadian reform that extends job-protected leave to one year for women giving birth after a cutoff date, we study whether the option to return to a previous job increases entrepreneurship. A regression discontinuity design reveals that a longer job-protected leave increases entrepreneurship by 1.9 percentage points. These entrepreneurs start incorporated businesses that hire employees, in industries in which experimentation before entry has low costs and high benefits.

Hazardous characteristics of dust waste from metal manufacturing industries in South Korea

2021 ◽  
pp. 0734242X2199655
Author(s):  
Cheol-Woo Yoon ◽  
Young-Sam Yoon ◽  
Su-Yeon Hong ◽  
Tea-wan Jeon ◽  
Sun-Kyoung Shin
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Hazardous Waste ◽  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Hazardous Materials ◽  
Manufacturing Industries ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Hazardous Waste Disposal ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Or Fires

The Ministry of Environment, South Korea, is involved in efforts to reduce safety-related accidents that could occur during hazardous waste disposal and minimise the environmental impacts of waste disposal. To reach such goals, new factors have been added that contribute to the hazardous characteristics of hazardous waste. The Ministry is also expanding regulations on inorganic and organic components present in hazardous waste for these factors and continues to correct the classification system to establish standards for waste components. Metallic dust, for example, is mostly generated during the operation of melting furnaces or precipitators and dangerous materials contained in this dust may cause accidents, such as explosions or fires. South Korean accident cases have confirmed that waste containing hazardous materials, such as Mg, Al and Mg–Al alloys, can cause such events. Therefore, this study analysed 28 dust samples collected from the dust accumulated in precipitators in 28 metal manufacturing facilities in South Korea. Nine samples were flammable and four samples were reactive to water. Two samples also exhibited leaching toxicities. The results applied to relevant laws in South Korea showed that the proportion of waste containing hazardous characteristics increased from 7.14% in the previous management category to 39.29% in the extended category, an overall increase of 32.15 percentage points.

Retirees and motivation to work by the type of employment contract: impact of the Czech reform

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 595-617
Author(s):  
Filip Pertold ◽  
Lenka Lakotova
Keyword(s):  
Control Group ◽  
Retirement Age ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Employment Contract ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Elementary School Education ◽  
One Year ◽  
Low Educated ◽  
Motivation To Work

PurposeIn this paper, the authors analyse a 2010 legal reform in the Czech Republic, which allowed retirees to simultaneously receive regular pension benefits and to work on a permanent contract for a period longer than one year. Previously, concurrence of employment and receipt of retirement benefits were only allowed in conjunction with a temporary work contract with a maximum duration of one year.Design/methodology/approachThe authors employ the difference-in-differences method. The authors include only males in the analysis because it is not possible to identify the legal retirement age for women from available data. Men in the workforce 1–3 years prior to the statutory retirement age are in a control group, while men 1–3 years older are in a treatment group.FindingsThe authors show that the reform significantly increased the share of permanent contracts held by retirees (by 22.5–27.6 percentage points), though we do not find any aggregate short-term change in employment of retirees. Heterogeneity analysis shows a significant increase in the employment of retirees with only elementary school education (by 17.9 percentage points) and a significant decrease in the number of hours worked by retirees (by 2.5 h weekly for low-educated workers).Practical implicationsThe policy conclusion is that the regulation of employment contract does not affect aggregate employment, but may improve employment of low skilled workers.Originality/valueTo the authors’ best knowledge, there are no studies directly analysing motivation of retirees by types of employment contracts. The authors, thus, add to the literature that studies dealing with the general fixed-term versus permanent contracts (Engellandt and Riphahn, 2003) and motivation to work.

scholarly journals Delayed school entry and academic performance: a natural experiment

2015 ◽  
Vol 57 (7) ◽  
pp. 652-659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Jaekel ◽  
Vicky Yu-Chun Strauss ◽  
Samantha Johnson ◽  
Camilla Gilmore ◽  
Dieter Wolke
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
School Entry ◽  
Delayed School Entry

scholarly journals An Investigation of Selection Criteria for Admission to an Ontario University

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Gordon Pollock ◽  
Richard J. Bowman ◽  
Paul Gendreau ◽  
Lorna Gendreau
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Method ◽  
First Year ◽  
Admission Criteria ◽  
Grade Point ◽  
University Admission ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Admission Interview ◽  
Teacher Recommendations ◽  
One Year ◽  
The University

The study investigated the effectiveness of five methods of university admission criteria in relation to academic results achieved after one year of university study. The admission criteria used were open admission, interview, teacher recommendations, Grade 13 academic achievement and SACU test scores. In addition these procedures were compared with a traditional method of admission at the university where the study was carried out. The characteristics of the admission groups were not significantly related to geographical distribution, sex distribution, government financial assistance, and attitude and personality questionnaire data. These characteristics were no different for these groups than the traditional method of selection and there was no significant difference between groups as to final first year grade point average or academic penalty i.e., probations and rustications. The open admissions group compared favourably on these latter variables with other admissions groups and particularly with the university's traditional method of admission.

scholarly journals Beyond Short-Term Learning Gains: The Impact of Outsourcing Schools in Liberia After Three Years

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio Romero ◽  
Justin Sandefur
Keyword(s):  
Primary Schools ◽  
Child Safety ◽  
Access To Education ◽  
Learning Gains ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Results

Abstract Outsourcing the management of ninety-three randomly-selected government primary schools in Liberia to eight private operators led to learning gains of .18σ after one year, but these effects plateaued in subsequent years (reaching .2σ after three years). Beyond learning gains, the program reduced corporal punishment (by 4.6 percentage points from a base of 51%), but increased dropout (by 3.3 percentage points from a base of 15%) and failed to reduce sexual abuse. Despite facing similar contracts and settings, some providers produced uniformly positive results, while others present trade-offs between learning gains, access to education, child safety, and financial sustainability.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document