International migration and the gender wage gap

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Raymundo M. Campos-Vazquez ◽  
Jaime Lara
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Labor Supply ◽  
International Migration ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Elasticity Of Substitution ◽  
Exogenous Factor ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male Migration ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
The U.S

Abstract This article analyzes the effect of international migration on the wage gap between women and men who remain in Mexico. We use historical distance to the U.S. border over early twentieth-century railroad networks as an exogenous factor causing changes in the relative supply of men and women, due to predominately male migration. A 10% decrease in the relative labor supply of men tends to increase the wage gap between women and men by approximately 1.1 percentage points, suggesting that they are not perfect substitutes. However, the results imply a greater elasticity of substitution between men and women than that suggested by previous studies.

Birth, Fortune, and Discrepant Fertility in Twentieth-Century America

2006 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amon Emeka
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Baby Boom ◽  
Cohort Effects ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Exogenous Factor ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Married Men ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Twentieth Century America

Twentieth-century American men and women were often unable to live up to or down to their own fertility ideals. In a national random sample of 11,126 ever-married men and women over the age of 44, “discrepant fertility”—the difference between ideal fertility and completed fertility—was common. This article seeks to identify the causes of such discrepancies, and findings suggest that the most important exogenous factor is “birth cohort.” Those born prior to or after the Great Depression were prone to exhibit negative discrepant fertility, having had fewer children than they thought ideal, while those born during the Depression—the parents of the baby boom—were characterized by significant positive discrepant fertility, having had more children than they thought ideal. It is argued that these cohort effects are closely related to social and economic conditions that prevailed as twentieth-century Americans came of age and assessed their professional and familial prospects.

Thinking with Catholicism, Empire, and History

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Katherine D. Moran
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
The United States ◽  
Upper Midwest ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Origin Stories ◽  
Global Power ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The U.S

This chapter begins with an overview of George Everett Adams's and Helen Taft's speeches, which they delivered as Protestants in a country that was increasingly home to a large and growing Catholic minority. It argues that Adams's and Taft's speeches were part of a much larger religious pattern in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In the ongoing currents of anti-Catholicism in U.S. culture, many late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Protestants joined their Catholic compatriots in speaking with nostalgia and admiration about the figures and institutions of Roman Catholic exploration and evangelization. The chapter also describes how men and women celebrated idealized versions of Catholic imperial pasts as the United States grew into a global power. It traces Catholic origin stories that emerged in three different sites and circumstances: the upper Midwest, Southern California, and the U.S. colonial Philippines.

Implications of higher retirement age for the labor market

2017 ◽  
pp. 22-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ivanova ◽  
A. Balaev ◽  
E. Gurvich
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Supply ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Demand ◽  
Retirement Age ◽  
Demographic Trends ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Demographic Projections ◽  
The Impact

The paper considers the impact of the increase in retirement age on labor supply and economic growth. Combining own estimates of labor participation and demographic projections by the Rosstat, the authors predict marked fall in the labor force (by 5.6 million persons over 2016-2030). Labor demand is also going down but to a lesser degree. If vigorous measures are not implemented, the labor force shortage will reach 6% of the labor force by the period end, thus restraining economic growth. Even rapid and ambitious increase in the retirement age (by 1 year each year to 65 years for both men and women) can only partially mitigate the adverse consequences of demographic trends.

Is Government Growth Inevitable?

2019 ◽  
pp. 587-604
Author(s):  
Randall G. Holcombe
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Size Of Government ◽  
Equilibrium Conditions ◽  
Government Growth ◽  
Equilibrium Size ◽  
Path Dependent ◽  
The U.S

Despite massive worldwide growth of government in the twentieth century, there have been periods in the U.S. and other countries when growth has slowed or reversed. Government growth is not inevitable. Explanations of government growth fall into three major categories. Path-dependent theories emphasize factors that continually push the size of government up, so the current size is in part a function of its past size. Theories about the equilibrium size of government explain why government is big, but not why government grows. If equilibrium conditions change, that can produce government growth. Theories also describe ideological shifts that cause people to want, or at least accept, bigger governments. All these explanations could have an effect on government growth. However, none appears to be persuasive enough to explain all the growth that occurred.

Gender and Social Exclusion in European Migration Crisis

2018 ◽  
pp. 658-676
Author(s):  
Marlou Schrover
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
The Other ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Refugee Women ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Migration Crisis ◽  
The One ◽  
European Migration

This chapter discusses social exclusion in European migration from a gendered and historical perspective. It discusses how from this perspective the idea of a crisis in migration was repeatedly constructed. Gender is used in this chapter in a dual way: attention is paid to differences between men and women in (refugee) migration, and to differences between men and women as advocates and claim makers for migrant rights. There is a dilemma—recognized mostly for recent decades—that on the one hand refugee women can be used to generate empathy, and thus support. On the other hand, emphasis on women as victims forces them into a victimhood role and leaves them without agency. This dilemma played itself out throughout the twentieth century. It led to saving the victims, but not to solving the problem. It fortified rather than weakened the idea of a crisis.

Immigration Relief and Insurance Coverage: Evidence from Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jung Bae
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Health Insurance Coverage ◽  
Financial Assistance ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Deferred Action ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Health Institutions ◽  
Medical Financial Assistance ◽  
The U.S

AbstractI find that the 2012 Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program, which conferred protection from deportation and work authorization to undocumented immigrants who had been brought to the U.S. as children, increased eligible immigrants’ likelihood of having health insurance coverage. Exploiting a cutoff rule in the eligibility criteria of DACA, I implement a difference-in-regression-discontinuities design. The insured rate increased by up to 4.3 percentage points more for DACA-eligible immigrants than for ineligible immigrants following DACA. Two-thirds of this increase is accounted for by upticks in employer-sponsored and privately purchased insurance. The findings are also consistent with immigrants becoming less averse to approach health institutions, and taking up medical financial assistance at a higher rate.

Concept of Rivalry in D.H. Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-454
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Attachment Theory ◽  
Sibling Rivalry ◽  
Oedipus Complex ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Qualitative Pattern ◽  
The One ◽  
Theory Competition

Sons and Lovers (1913) is one of D.H. Lawrence’s most prominent novels in terms of psychological complexities characteristic of most, if not all, of his other novels. Many studies have been conducted on the Oedipus complex theory and psychological relationship between men and women in Lawrence’s novels reflecting the early twentieth century norms of life. This paper reexamines Sons and Lovers from the perspective of rivalry based on Alfred Adler’s psychological studies. The discussion tackles the sibling rivalry between the members of the Morels and extends to reexamining the rivalry between other characters. This concept is discussed in terms of two levels of relationships. First, between Paul and William as brothers on the one hand, and Paul and father and mother, on the other. Second, the rivalry triangle of Louisa, Miriam and Mrs. Morel. The qualitative pattern of the paper focuses on the textual analysis of the novel to show that Sons and Lovers can be approached through the concept of rivalry and sibling Rivalry. Keywords: Attachment theory, Competition, Concept of Rivalry, Favoritism, Sibling rivalry.

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