scholarly journals 2141

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (S1) ◽  
pp. 69-69
Author(s):  
Iric R. Guthrie ◽  
Mark D. Ehrhart ◽  
Jose R. Bucheli ◽  
Mark R. Burge
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Native American Group ◽  
Post Hoc

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Thionamides are anti-thyroid drugs (ATD) that are commonly used to treat autonomous thyrotoxicosis. Although efficacious, these medications carry a risk of neutropenia or agranulocytosis in a small but finite proportion of the patients who receive them. Some risk factors for thionamide-induced neutropenia have been identified, including body mass index (BMI) and dose, but the role of race and ethnicity in the pathogenesis of this potentially life-threatening side effect is not known. We hypothesize that there will be no effect of race or ethnicity on the change in absolute neutrophil count (ANC) following initiation of thionamide therapy among adult patients with thyrotoxicosis. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Data from the electronic medical record at UNM HSC were obtained using a standard database query for the years 2000–2016. Inclusion criteria were the prescription of an ATD, an ANC recorded within 30 days of initiating ATD therapy (pre-ATD), and an ANC recorded between 75 and 365 days after starting an ANC (post-ATD). Patients taking other agents known to cause neutropenia and agranulocytosis, such as clozapine, allopurinol, or chemotherapy, were excluded. Patients were assigned to racial and ethnic groups as follows: Hispanic, non-Hispanic Caucasian (NHC), native American, Black, and Asian. The post-ATD ANC was defined as the nadir ANC observed after the ATD was started. “Delta ANC” was defined as [(post-ATD ANC)−(pre-ATD ANC)]. ANOVA analysis with Bonferroni-adjusted post-hoc testing was performed to examine differences in the mean changes of ANC across ethnic groups. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: In total, 123 adult patients met inclusion and exclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. No significant difference was found between any of the racial groups with regard to age, sex, BMI, pre-ATD ANC, or the pre-ATD to post-ATD ANC interval. The native American group showed a significantly greater post-ATD ANC (not shown) and Delta-ANC as compared with the other groups. Delta ANC Hispanic=−1.4±3.3, Caucasian=−0.6±3.3, Black=−0.9±4.1, Asian=−3.8±4.8, native American=3.6±5.1 (all units per mm3; p<0.001). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: In this cohort of New Mexicans with thyrotoxicosis, native American race was protective against thionamide-induced neutropenia.

Comparable survival of African-Americans and Caucasian patients with multiple myeloma: A hospital-based study including 117,926 patients.

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e18170-e18170
Author(s):  
Ehsan Malek ◽  
Kamal Chamoun ◽  
Paolo Fabrizio Caimi ◽  
Stanton L. Gerson ◽  
Ben Kent Tomlinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Myeloma ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Cox Model ◽  
National Cancer Data Base ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Cancer Data ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Usa

e18170 Background: Multiple Myeloma (MM) counts the most common hematologic malignance among African-Americans with twice the incidence of whites. The outcomes have greatly improved during the last 15 years, however with changing demographics there is an increasing focus on how various subgroups, based on race and ethnicity may be benefiting from survival improvement in MM. Previous studies showed that if access to care is assured, racial disparity-driven differences in outcome may be mitigated. Here, we conducted a study using the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB), which covers more than 70% of cancer pts in the USA, to evaluate survival patterns by race. Methods: MM patients (pts) diagnosed between years 2005 and 2014 and reported to the NCDB were analyzed (n = 117926). Pts were divided in three groups based on the year (y) of diagnosis (2005-07, 2008-10 and 2011-14). Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test were used for overall survival analysis (OS). The effect size, hazard ratio (HR), of race on OS was estimated by Cox model adjusted by confounders. Results: Median age at diagnosis was 67 y (19 - 90); 55% were males. Median follow up was 30 months (m) (0 - 145). Median OS for white and black pts was 46 m (95% CI: 45.4 - 46.6) and 50.6 m (95% CI: 49.1 - 52.3), respectively (p < 0.0001). Black had longer OS compared to white pts by univariable analysis in all three study periods, noticeably with a trend toward higher survival benefit in most recent years. After adjusting for a variety of factors there was no statistically significant difference between the two racial groups (Table). Conclusions: This large study confirmed that after adjusting for confounding factors survival is similar for white and black MM pts. [Table: see text]

scholarly journals Assessment of Methaemoglobin in Haemoglobin Variants in Selected Ethnic Groups in Bayelsa State

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Victor Tuanwii Ideede ◽  
Jeremiah Awotu Zaccheus ◽  
Everlyn Mercy Eze ◽  
Jonathan Nyebuchi ◽  
Friday Ogidigba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Sample ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Spectrophotometric Method ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
P Value ◽  
Heme Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Hoc

Methaemoglobin (Met-Hb) is a type of the oxygen-carrying metalloproteinhemoglobin. The heme group iron exists as ferric (Fe3+) iron, rather than the ferrous (Fe2+) iron of typical hemoglobin. Met-Hb is unable to perform the function of binding to oxygen like oxyhaemoglobin does. The aim of this study was to compare methaemoglobin levels between AA and AS haemoglobin variants among the Ijaw, Igbo and Yoruba ethnic groups residing in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. A total of 150 subjects were enrolled for the study. One hundred and sixteen subjects constituted the Ijaws; 21 Igbos and 13 Yorubas. For each subject, 4mls of blood sample collected in EDTA bottle was assayed for methaemoglobin using a spectrophotometric method. Results revealed there was no significant difference in the methaemoglobin mean levels between the AA and AS haemoglobin variants (P-value>0.05) of the ethnic groups except the Igbo ethnic group (P-value <0.05). However, comparing the methaemoglobin mean levels among the ethnic groups showed a significant mean difference of methaemoglobin (P-value <0.05). All Post-hoc groups showed significant difference except the Igbo and Yorubo ethnic groups (P-value >0.05). In conclusion, this study has revealed that methaemoglobin levels changes significantly based on studied tribes but does not change based on studied haemoglobin variants.

Does patient ethnicity affect site of craniosynostosis?

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 682-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian A. Anderson ◽  
Anand Goomany ◽  
David T. Bonthron ◽  
Maggie Bellew ◽  
Mark I. Liddington ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Patient Cohort ◽  
Asian Patients ◽  
Background Population ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
White Patients

Object There are no published papers examining the role of ethnicity on suture involvement in nonsyndromic craniosynostosis. The authors sought to examine whether there is a significant difference in the epidemiological pattern of suture(s) affected between different ethnic groups attending a regional craniofacial clinic with a diagnosis of nonsyndromic craniosynostosis. Methods A 5-year retrospective case-notes analysis of all cases involving patients attending a regional craniofacial clinic was undertaken. Cases were coded for the patients' declared ethnicity, suture(s) affected by synostosis, and the decision whether to have surgical correction of synostosis. The chi-square test was used to determine whether there were any differences in site of suture affected between ethnic groups. Results A total of 312 cases were identified. Of these 312 cases, ethnicity data were available for 296 cases (95%). The patient population was dominated by 2 ethnic groups: white patients (222 cases) and Asian patients (56 cases). There were both more cases of complex synostosis and fewer cases of sagittal synostosis than expected in the Asian patient cohort (χ2 = 9.217, p = 0.027). Conclusions There is a statistically significant difference in the prevalence of the various sutures affected within the nonsyndromic craniosynostosis patient cohort when Asian patients are compared with white patients. The data from this study also suggest that nonsyndromic craniosynostosis is more prevalent in the Asian community than in the white community, although there may be inaccuracies in the estimates of the background population data. A larger-scale, multinational analysis is needed to further evaluate the relationship between ethnicity and nonsyndromic craniosynostosis.

scholarly journals Comparison of Tweed Facial Triangle Norms Among Different Ethnic Groups

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hayder Abdalla Hashim ◽  
Najah AL‑Sayed ◽  
Ayah AL-Qaisi ◽  
Feras Abed AL-Jawad ◽  
H. Al-Husain
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Treatment Planning ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Accurate Diagnosis ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Absolute Value ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Age Range

Aims: The objectives of the present study were to establish Tweed facial triangle norms in Qatari and to compare the result with Tweed norms and previous reported results in different racial groups. Material and method: The sample consisted of 89 lateral cephalometric radiographic radiographs, 75 patients were females and 14 were males with age range 18 to 25 years old (Mean 20.7. +/-2.3). Results: The result of the present study showed that the mean values of FMA 33.5 º +/- 6.2 º FMIA 52.8 º +/- 9.5 º angles and IMAP  94.5º +/- 8.8º were significantly higher than Tweed norms. The comparison with Black Brazilian and Bangladeshi indicated extremely statistically significant differences in FMA and IMPA angles whereas in Nepalese, extremely significant difference was observed in FMIA and FMA angles. Conclusions: Tweed’s Facial Triangle mean values were established for Qatari. However, Tweed facial triangle norms should be used only as a guide and not as an absolute value. Hence, using specific norms for specific race or ethnic group will help in providing more accurate diagnosis and treatment planning.

Racial and ethnic disparities in risk and survival in children with neuroblastoma: An updated analysis.

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 10036-10036
Author(s):  
Caileigh Pudela ◽  
Mark A. Applebaum ◽  
Sang Mee Lee ◽  
Arlene Naranjo ◽  
Julie R. Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Black And White ◽  
High Risk Disease ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Racial Ethnic

10036 Background: Biologic and socioeconomic factors contribute to health disparities among patients with pediatric cancer. In an analysis of Children’s Oncology Group (COG) neuroblastoma (NBL) patients (pts) diagnosed between 2001-2009, non-Hispanic Black (Black) pts were previously shown to have a higher prevalence of high-risk disease and worse event-free survival (EFS) compared to non-Hispanic White (White) pts. Here, we analyzed data in the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group Data Commons (INRGdc) to validate these findings. Methods: Three-year EFS and overall survival (OS) of COG pts diagnosed between 2001-2009 (Cohort 1; n = 4,358) and 2010-2016 (Cohort 2; n = 3,689) in the INRGdc with known race and ethnicity were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to evaluate differences in EFS and OS between racial/ethnic groups. The association of clinical characteristics and tumor biomarkers with racial/ethnic groups were analyzed using Chi-square tests. Results: The distribution of race/ethnicity for pts in Cohort 1 and Cohort 2 was as follows, respectively: White: 72% (n = 3,136) and 70% (n = 2,575); Black: 11.4% (n = 495) and 10.7% (n = 397); Hispanic: 12.2% (n = 532) and 14.1% (n = 522); Asian and Hawaiian: 4% (n = 178) and 4.6% (n = 172); Native American: 0.4% (n = 17) and 0.6% (n = 23). In both cohorts, a higher proportion of Black pts had INSS stage 4 disease, age ≥ 18mo, and unfavorable histology tumors when compared to White pts (Cohort 1: p = 0.003; p < 0.001; p < 0.001, respectively vs Cohort 2: p = 0.014; p < 0.001; p < 0.001, respectively). No significant differences in the proportion of pts with MYCN amplified or diploid tumors were detected between Black and White pts in either cohort. Black pts had a higher prevalence of high-risk disease compared to White pts in both Cohorts 1 and 2 (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). Among all pts in Cohort 1, EFS was 73% and OS was 83%. In Cohort 1, Black pts had worse EFS (68% vs 73%; HR = 1.31, 95%CI 1.11-1.55, p = 0.002) and OS (78% vs 84%; HR = 1.41, 95% CI 1.16-1.70, p = 0.001) compared to White pts. Among all pts in Cohort 2, EFS was 81% and OS was 88%. Black pts in Cohort 2 also had worse EFS compared to White pts (76% vs 82%; HR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.03-1.76, p = 0.027), although no significant difference in OS was observed (p = 0.21). In analyses restricted to high-risk pts, no statistically significant difference in EFS and OS in Black vs White pts was detected in either cohort. Conclusions: In the modern treatment era, Black NBL pts continue to have a higher prevalence of high-risk disease and inferior 3-year EFS compared to White pts. The lack of significant difference in survival among high-risk NBL pts by race suggests that Black and White pts are receiving comparable treatments and responding similarly. The socioeconomic and/or genomic factors contributing to the higher proportion of Black pts with high-risk disease requires further investigation.

scholarly journals Safety of research bronchoscopy with BAL in stable adult patients with cystic fibrosis

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e0245696
Author(s):  
Daniel Aridgides ◽  
John Dessaint ◽  
Graham Atkins ◽  
James Carroll ◽  
Alix Ashare
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Adverse Event ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Lung Microbiome ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
And Control

Data on adverse events from research bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) is lacking. As research bronchoscopy with BAL is useful for isolation of immune cells and investigation of CF lung microbiome, we sought to investigate the safety of bronchoscopy in adult patients with CF. Between November 2016 and September 2019, we performed research bronchoscopies on CF subjects (32) and control subjects (82). Control subjects were nonsmokers without respiratory disease. CF subjects had mild or moderate obstructive lung disease (FEV1 > 50% predicted) and no evidence of recent CF pulmonary exacerbation. There was no significant difference in the age or sex of each cohort. Neither group experienced life threatening adverse events. The number of adverse events was similar between CF and control subjects. The most common adverse events were sore throat and cough, which occurred at similar frequencies in control and CF subjects. Fever and headache occurred more frequently in CF subjects. However, the majority of fevers were seen in CF subjects with FEV1 values below 65% predicted. We found that CF subjects had similar adverse event profiles following research bronchoscopy compared to healthy subjects. While CF subjects had a higher rate of fevers, this adverse event occurred with greater frequency in CF subjects with lower FEV1. Our data demonstrate that research bronchoscopy with BAL is safe in CF subjects and that safety profile is improved if bronchoscopies are limited to subjects with an FEV1 > 65% predicted.

Perbedaan sensitivitas tetes telinga antibiotik terhadap Pseudomonas aeruginosa pada otitis media supuratif kronik

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anton Budhi Darmawan ◽  
Dwi Utami Anjarwati
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Suppurative Otitis Media ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cochran Test ◽  
Post Hoc

Background: Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is one infectious disease of the middle ear, most commonly caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A high number of patients come to the ENT outpatient clinic with active benign type of CSOM. The bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa is capable of producing biofilm which protects itself from penetration of antibiotics, and therefore creates resistance towards antibiotics and difficult to eradicate. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the sensitivity levels of chloramphenicol, polymyxin-neomycin, cyprofloxacin and ofloxacine against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients with active benign type CSOM in ENT clinic. Method: The method used was across sectional study on 25 patients, from August 2010 until December 2010. Samples were taken withear swab and then put on sensitivity test to chloramphenicol, polymyxin-neomycin, cyprofloxacin andofloxacine using the diffusion disc method. The analysis used in this study was Cochran test. Results: Results showed a significant difference in sensitivity among chloramphenicol (38,70%), polymyxinneomycin(83,87%),cyprofloxacin(90,32%)andofloxacin(58,06%)withp=0,000(p<0,05).PostHocanalysisusing the Mc Nemar indicated that there were significant differences in sensitivity betweenpolymyxin-neomycin to chloramphenicol with p=0,000 (p<0,05), ciprofloxacin to chloramphenicol andciprofloxacin to ofloxacine with p= 0,002, but there were no significant differences between cyprofloxacinto polymyxin-neomycin with p=0,687, polymyxin-neomycin to ofloxacin p=0.057 and ofloxacin tochloramphenicol p=0,109.   There were significant differences in antibiotic ear dropssensitivity to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients with active benign type of CSOM. Cyprofloxacin andpolymyxin-neomycin were more sensitive than ofloxacin and chloramphenicol. Keywords: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, active benign type of chronic suppurative otitis media, antibioticear drops.  Abstrak :  Latar belakang: Otitis media supuratif kronik (OMSK) merupakan penyakit infeksi kronik telinga tengah yang sering dijumpai di klinik THT. Penyebab tersering OMSK adalah bakteri Pseudomonasaeruginosa. Pseudomonas aeruginosa mempunyai kemampuan untuk membentuk biofilm yangmelindunginya dari penetrasi antibiotik sehingga menimbulkan resistensi terhadap antibiotik dan sulituntuk eradikasinya. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui perbandingan tingkat sensitivitas kloramfenikol,polimiksin-neomisin, ciprofloksasin dan ofloksasin terhadap isolat Pseudomonas aeruginosa padapasien OMSK benigna aktif di klinik THT RSMS. Metode: Metode yang digunakan adalah crosssectional terhadap 29 pasien OMSK di klinik THT RSMS periode bulan Agustus 2010 - Desember2010. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan swab telinga. Uji sensitivitas terhadap kloramfenikol,polimiksin-neomisin, ciprofloksasin dan ofloksasin dilakukan dengan metode cakram secara difusi.Analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Cochran dan analisis post hoc. Hasil: Didapatkansensitivitas kloramfenikol sebesar 38,70%, polimiksin-neomisin sebesar 83,87%, ciprofloksasin sebesar90,32% dan ofloksasin sebesar 58,06% dengan p=0,01 (P<0,05), yang menunjukkan adanya perbedaansensitivitas yang bermakna antara kloramfenikol, polimiksin-neomisin, ciprofloksasin dan ofloksasinterhadap Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Analisis post hoc menggunakan Mc Nemar menunjukkan bahwaterdapat perbedaan sensitivitas yang bermakna antara tetes telinga polimiksin-neomisin terhadapkloramfenikol, dan ciprofloksasin terhadap kloramfenikol p=0,000 (p<0,05), serta terdapat perbedaanyang bermakna antara tetes telinga ciprofloksasin terhadap ofloksasin, p=0,002, tetapi tidak terdapatperbedaan yang bermakna antara ciprofloksasin terhadap polimiksin-neomisin, p=0,687, polimiksinneomisinterhadap ofloksasin p=0,057, dan kloramfenikol terhadap ofloksasin p=0,109. Kesimpulan:Terdapat perbedaan sensitivitas yang bermakna tetes telinga antibiotik terhadap Pseudomonas aeruginosa pada pasien OMSK benigna aktif. Ciprofloksasin dan polimiksin-neomisin tetes telinga mempunyai sensitivitas yang lebih baik dibanding ofloksasin dan kloramfenikol. Kata kunci: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, otitis media supuratif kronik, tetes telinga antibiotik 

Influence of moderate cigarette-smoking on the peri-implant clinicoradiographic inflammatory parameters around cement- and screw-retained dental implants

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mana Alqahtani
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Dental Implants ◽  
Smoking History ◽  
Inflammatory Parameters ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Implant Retention ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
Soft Tissue Inflammation ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Adjustment Test

The aim was to assess the influence of moderate cigarette-smoking on the clinical (bleeding on probing [BoP] and probing depth [PD]) and radiographic (crestal bone resorption [CBR]) around cement- and screw-retained dental implants at 5 years’ follow-up. A questionnaire was used to collect information about age, gender, smoking history, duration of implants in function, jaw location of the implant, and daily toothbrushing and flossing. Peri-implant BoP, PD and CBR were measured in all groups. Group comparisons were performed using one-way analysis of variance and for multiple comparisons, the Bonferroni Post hoc adjustment test was performed. Level of significance was set at P&lt;0.05. Forty-eight patients (25 smokers and 23 non-smokers) had cement-retained dental implants; and 48 (24 smokers and 24 non-smokers) had screw-retained dental implants. Among patients with cement and screw-retained dental implants, PD (P&lt;0.05) and CBR (P&lt;0.05) were significantly higher among smokers than non-smokers. The peri-implant sites that demonstrated BoP were statistically significantly higher among non-smokers (P&lt;0.05) than smokers among patients with cement- and screw-retained dental implants. There was no statistically significant difference in peri-implant PD and CBR among smokers with cement- and screw-retained dental implants. Among non-smokers with cement and screw-retained dental implants, there was no statistically significant difference in BoP, PD and CBR. Cigarette-smoking is associated with an increased PD and CBR around cement- and screw-retained dental implants. Cigarette-smoking increases peri-implant soft tissue inflammation as well as loss of crestal bone and this relationship is independent of the type of implant retention protocol used.The author recommends that cement- and screw-retained dental implants are suitable for prosthesis restoration in non-smokers. Further studies on dual-smokers (individuals smoking cigarettes and other forms of tobacco products) are needed related to the clinicoradiographic inflammatory parameters around cement- and screw-retained dental implants

Clinical Impact of Co-medication of Levetiracetam and Clobazam with Proton Pump Inhibitors: A Drug Interaction Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-131
Author(s):  
Bhuvanachandra Pasupuleti ◽  
Vamshikrishna Gone ◽  
Ravali Baddam ◽  
Raj Kumar Venisetty ◽  
Om Prakash Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Proton Pump Inhibitors ◽  
Proton Pump ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Drug Concentrations ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Cytochrome P 450

Background: Clobazam (CLBZ) metabolized primarily by Cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme CYP3A4 than with CYP2C19, Whereas Levetiracetam (LEV) is metabolized by hydrolysis of the acetamide group. Few CYP enzymes are inhibited by Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) Pantoprazole, Esomeprazole, and Rabeprazole in different extents that could affect drug concentrations in blood. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of these PPIs on the plasma concentrations of LEV and CLBZ. Methods: Blood samples from 542 patients were included out of which 343 were male and 199 were female patients and were categorized as control and test. Plasma samples analyzed using an HPLC-UV method. Plasma concentrations were measured and compared to those treated and those not treated with PPIs. One way ANOVA and games Howell post hoc test used by SPSS 20 software. Results: CLBZ concentrations were significantly 10 folds higher in patients treated with Pantoprazole (P=0.000) and 07 folds higher in patients treated with Esmoprazole and Rabeprazole (P=0.00). Whereas plasma concentration of LEV control group has no statistical and significant difference when compared to pantoprazole (P=0.546) and with rabeprazole and esomeprazole was P=0.999. Conclusion: The effect of comedication with PPIs on the plasma concentration of clobazam is more pronounced for pantoprazole to a greater extent when compared to esomeprazole and rabeprazole. When pantoprazole is used in combination with clobazam, dose reduction of clobazam should be considered, or significance of PPIs is seen to avoid adverse effects.

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