Crime Mapping and Crime Analysis of Property Crimes in Jodhpur

2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swikar Lama ◽  
Sikandar Singh Rathore
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Crime Prevention ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Situational Crime Prevention ◽  
Crime Analysis ◽  
Crime Mapping ◽  
Property Crimes

AbstractThis study is based on crime mapping and crime analysis of property crimes in Jodhpur. The property crimes which were selected were house breaking, auto thefts and chain snatching. Data from police stations were used to generate the maps to locate hot spots of crimes. The profile of these hot spots was analyzed through observations supplemented with interviews of police officers and public 100 cases of house breaking and 100 cases of auto thefts were further analyzed to understand the contexts which lead to these crimes. These contexts are in consonance with situational crime prevention theories. This study may help to understand the environmental factors which may be responsible for certain places becoming hot spot areas of property crimes in Jodhpur.

Hot Spots Policing

Criminology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tammy Kochel ◽  
Seyvan Nouri
Keyword(s):  
Crime Prevention ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Situational Crime Prevention ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Control Cost ◽  
Hot Spots Policing ◽  
Diffusion Of Benefits ◽  
National Institute Of Justice

Since the 1980s, the nature of policing has expanded beyond a person-focused approach to include a location-based approach. Recently developed proactive policing strategies that are concerned with the geographic distribution and explanation of crime include hot spots policing and community policing, and oftentimes problem-oriented policing, broken windows policing, third-party policing, and focused deterrence strategies. Hot spots policing entails focusing police efforts at crime prevention in a very small geographic area where crime concentrates. This strategy is one of only a few policing strategies grounded in both theory and research. Crime concentrates at places even more than it concentrates in people. Research in Minneapolis, Minnesota, in the 1980s demonstrated that 60 percent of the crime occurs at 6 percent of places (see Sherman, et al. 1989, cited under Theory and Basis of Hot Spots Policing). Place-based theories about routine activities and rational choice have led to deterrence-based strategies such as directed patrol, crackdowns, and other traditional approaches to hot spots policing, as well as more community-oriented, problem-solving, and situational crime prevention approaches at crime hot spots. Hot spots policing is one of few areas in criminal justice research that has been tested using randomized controlled trials, a gold standard for research. Several systematic reviews suggest that focusing police efforts in a small geographic area reduces crime. Furthermore, research on displacement and diffusion of benefits suggests that hot spots policing does not merely geographically displace crime. In fact, nearby places may experience a diffusion of crime benefits. Only a few studies have examined the noncrime impacts of hot spots policing, but these suggest that it does not harm public perceptions of police and may even promote informal social control. Cost-effectiveness analyses have been partially used to assess the relative costs and outcomes of hot spot policing interventions. Additionally, existing research has suggested the crime harm index (CHI) for assessing the crime impact of hot spot policing interventions. Several data sources are available from past National Institute of Justice–funded studies on hot spots of crime and hot spots policing.

SITUATIONAL CRIME PREVENTION AS A KIND OF CRIMINOLOGICAL CRIME PREVENTION

2021 ◽  
pp. 59-66
Author(s):  
Yury A. Kuzmin
Keyword(s):  
Crime Prevention ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Situational Crime Prevention ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Security Measures ◽  
Specific Time

The article raises the problem of situational crime prevention as a type of criminological crime prevention. The urgency of issues related to situational crime prevention, which is aimed at eliminating conditions directly facilitating crimes, has been substantiated. One of the most effective ways to prevent criminal acts is to eliminate provocations and reduce the possibilities for committing crimes, that is situational crime prevention. Understanding the expected and predictable algorithm of the criminal's actions to commit a crime can be successfully used to develop certain measures that eliminate the possibility of committing a crime and thereby prevent it. Situational crime prevention offers very specific methods of crime prevention that are currently being studied and theorized by progressive criminologists. Particular attention is paid to new theoretical directions in this area, such as identifying the places most susceptible to crime, calculating the algorithm for the actions of criminals and determining the places, routes, the time when criminals gather or carry out their criminal activities. Detailed knowledge of this information gives an idea of where and at what moment police officers can intervene to repress the crime, or take the necessary advance actions to prevent the crime. This method is based on focusing on the place and time of the crime. Crime is never completely random, criminal events and criminal behavior are shaped according to a specific time and place. Thus, the essence of the theory of situational crime prevention is to eliminate provocations, reduce the possibilities of committing crimes and conditions facilitating crimes. Its main purpose is situational crime prevention or security measures.

Geographic Information System Effects on Policing Efficacy

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 30-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Zhang ◽  
Larry Hoover ◽  
Jihong (Solomon) Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Crime Analysis ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Crime Mapping ◽  
Gis Technology ◽  
Offender Profiling ◽  
Effective Technology

GIS technology is credited with substantially improving police crime analysis and related resource allocation. Although GIS has been said to be an efficient and effective technology in policing, limited empirical assessment has been conducted. An examination of functions and a review of the literature suggests four major applications of GIS in policing: computerized crime mapping/crime analysis; “hot spots” identification; improving command-level decision making; and geographical investigative analysis (primarily offender profiling). The primary objective of this qualitative review is to identify the extent of empirical evaluations of the effectiveness of a GIS. Although there is some research reference offender profiling, results are mixed. Only two empirical evaluations have been published that examine crime mapping, and both are limited to effects on perceptions. No empirical work links GIS to police deployment effectiveness.

Community Crime Prevention in High–Crime Areas: The Seattle Neighborhood Group Hot Spots Project

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1143-1167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cody W. Telep ◽  
Julie Hibdon
Keyword(s):  
Crime Prevention ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
Interrupted Time Series Analysis ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
Community Crime Prevention ◽  
High Crime ◽  
Current Concerns

Hot spots policing, in which police resources are directed toward small geographic areas with high crime levels, has been widely implemented and evaluated, but less is known about the effectiveness of nonpolice efforts to address high–crime locations. Here, we examine the effectiveness of two hot spot interventions led by a community–based nonprofit organization in Seattle, Washington. We use interrupted time series analysis to assess changes in total calls, as well as drug and disorder events at each site and in catchment areas surrounding each site. We find evidence of significant postintervention declines in calls for one treatment site and a decline in disorder in the second site. Overall, the results provide initial evidence that community–led crime prevention efforts can have a positive impact on calls in crime and disorder hot spots without significant spatial displacement of crime and disorder. Furthermore, these approaches may be an optimal response to residential hot spots in particular, given current concerns about community reactions to intensive police approaches focused primarily on enforcement.

scholarly journals Improving the Creation of Hot Spot Policing Patrol Routes: Comparing Cognitive Heuristic Performance to an Automated Spatial Computation Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 560
Author(s):  
Spencer P. Chainey ◽  
Jhonata A. S. Matias ◽  
Francisco Carlos F. Nunes Junior ◽  
Ticiana L. Coelho da Silva ◽  
José Antônio F. de Macêdo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Computational Approach ◽  
Computational Techniques ◽  
Computational Approaches ◽  
Crime Hot Spots ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Impact

Hot spot policing involves the deployment of police patrols to places where high levels of crime have previously concentrated. The creation of patrol routes in these hot spots is mainly a manual process that involves using the results from an analysis of spatial patterns of crime to identify the areas and draw the routes that police officers are required to patrol. In this article we introduce a computational approach for automating the creation of hot spot policing patrol routes. The computational techniques we introduce created patrol routes that covered areas of higher levels of crime than an equivalent manual approach for creating hot spot policing patrol routes, and were more efficient in how they covered crime hot spots. Although the evidence on hot spot policing interventions shows they are effective in decreasing crime, the findings from the current research suggest that the impact of these interventions can potentially be greater when using the computational approaches that we introduce for creating hot spot policing patrol routes.

scholarly journals Stuck in the past with push-pins on paper maps: Challenges of transition from manual to computerized crime mapping and analysis in Kenya

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gachie Eliud Baraka ◽  
Shadrack Kiana Murimi
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Geographical Information Systems ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Crime Analysis ◽  
Crime Mapping ◽  
Pilot Projects ◽  
The Past ◽  
National Police ◽  
Descriptive Survey

Although crimes and the modus operandi of perpetrators across the world change constantly, some policing tools, especially in developing countries, remain the same. This study sought to assess Kenyan police officers’ satisfaction with the use of paper maps and push-pins (manual tools) in crime analysis, and identify challenges to the adoption of computerized tools such as geographical information systems (GIS) at a time when most operations are driven by technology. A descriptive survey targeting 120 Kenyan police officers was carried out at the National Police Service (NPS) headquarters in Nairobi, but only 94 (78.3%) officers responded. The study reveals that 42.3% of respondents found manual tools to be useful in crime mapping and spatial analysis, whereas 67.8% felt that they were easy to use. The study indicates that 55.0% of respondents were satisfied with manual crime mapping and spatial analysis, mainly because it was easy to use. The study also identifies several challenges to the adoption of GIS in crime analysis. The study concludes that majority of respondents found manual crime-mapping tools to be easy to use, but less useful although still usable in the absence of alternatives. The NPS should consider implementing pilot projects of computerized crime mapping and spatial analysis to allow stakeholders to assess police operations against multiple platforms.

scholarly journals A paradigm shift in policing: Crime reduction through problem oriented policing

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 2032
Author(s):  
Murat Ozkan
Keyword(s):  
Crime Prevention ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Situational Crime Prevention ◽  
Crime Reduction ◽  
Environmental Criminology ◽  
Prevention Policy ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Problem Oriented Policing

The opportunity theories of crime regards opportunity as a root cause and focus attention on the crime rather than the criminal. In the practical crime prevention efforts, this theoretical framework paved the way for innovative policing strategies like problem oriented policing and situational crime prevention. Policy makers and practitioners accept the motivated offender as given and gather the efforts to prevent offenders accessing sufficient means and opportunities for a crime to occur. This paper describes the link between opportunity theories of crime and successful crime reduction efforts stemmed from them. It entails problem oriented policing and situational crime prevention techniques. Crime is not evenly distributed. It concentrates differently on places, offenders and persons. This paper then describes the fundamental discussion of crime distribution on hot places, targets, products, offenders and victims. Major works and findings in the field of environmental criminology is presented by describing hot spots and crime distribution, and crime patterns. The paper finally presents an evaluation of these approaches.

Where’s The Crime? Exploring Divergences Between Call Data and Perceptions of Local Crime

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren C Porter ◽  
Andrew Curtis ◽  
Eric Jefferis ◽  
Susanne Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Crime Reporting ◽  
Corner Store ◽  
Crime Hot Spots ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Spatial Video

Abstract Scholars typically use calls to the police to study crime patterning; however, crime reporting may be systematic across space. Using spatial video and geonarrative methodology, we investigate the overlap between perceived crime hot spots among 35 neighbourhood insiders (police officers, ex-offenders and residents) and hot spots gleaned from call data. In general, perceptual hot spots diverge from call data, but in particular, a corner store emerges as a perceptual hot spot across all groups, but not in call data. We use our data to explore the microgeographic dynamics of this ‘hidden hot spot’. We find that the corner store is relatively isolated, with few occupied residences around it and participants avoiding it. In addition, our geonarratives suggest that the store lacks adequate guardianship. We argue that mixed methodological approaches such as these are useful for understanding discrepancies between measures as well as the situational and environmental dynamics of problem places.

Policing and Situational Crime Prevention

2019 ◽  
pp. 185-204
Author(s):  
Gottfredson &
Keyword(s):  
Control Theory ◽  
Crime Prevention ◽  
Crime Rate ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Situational Crime Prevention ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Collateral Consequences ◽  
Criminal Sanctions ◽  
Focused Deterrence ◽  
High Crime

Control theory doubts a significant effect for criminal sanctions, including policing and imprisonment, on the crime rate. Contemporary research supports that view, especially with respect to variation in severity of sanctions. This chapter reviews historical and recent claims about effects for policing, especially highly selective policing of high-crime-rate areas (hot spot and focused deterrence policing). Saturation policing is not inconsistent with the expectations of control theory, although the evidence of effectiveness is modest, and the research on collateral consequences is not encouraging for highly selective policing. It is noted that selective policing is a variant of situational crime prevention, which does have a considerable body of research support. Control theory predicts the lack of effects for general policing and the collateral negative consequences for selective policing, along with generally positive effects for situational crime prevention and a focus on early childhood undertaken by non-state entities, thus supporting alternative methods to prevent crime.

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