The Cuna: An Expression of Cultural Preservation and Creole Identity in Nineteenth Century New Mexico

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 260-265
Author(s):  
Kathy M. Milazzo
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
New Mexico ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
The United States ◽  
Santa Fe ◽  
Mexican Families ◽  
Old Spanish ◽  
New Mexican ◽  
Creole Identity

Spanish dance history begins in Roman times with the puellae Gaditanae, the temple dancers who expressed eastern Mediterranean fertility rites through a legendary sensuality. Nineteenth-century accounts of dance in New Mexico that allude to highly sensual movements suggest a continuation of this representation of the female dancing body. In an 1846 diary detailing her travels on the Santa Fe Trail, Susan Magoffin offers a report of the cuna as witnessed in a gambling hall in Santa Fe. Her descriptions echo accounts of notorious Spanish dances from previous centuries like the zarabanda and the zorongo—dances created at crossroads in the Spanish Americas where Spaniards, black Africans, Native peoples, and other Europeans intersected. Studies show that the Spanish language spoken by old New Mexican families contains many archaic elements that have been lost in other Spanish-speaking countries due to the State's isolated geographic location. Like Spanish terminology, were the cuna and other dances remnants of dances forgotten in other Spanish lands?  In the first half of the nineteenth century, New Mexico progressed from a Spanish colony to the northern frontier of independent Mexico, before it was absorbed into the United States. Building on narratives found in eyewitness accounts, this paper will explore the role of dance as a preservation site of old Spanish practices as it was shaping a unique New Mexican creole identity.

“In the Grave We Are All Equal”: Northern New Mexican Burial Grounds in the Nineteenth Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 209-246
Author(s):  
Martina Will De Chaparro
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
African American ◽  
New Mexico ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Santa Fe ◽  
Burial Practices ◽  
New Mexican ◽  
Burial Grounds

This chapter surveys death and burial in nineteenth-century New Mexico as the region transitioned from Spanish, to Mexican, to United States control. Highlighting Albuquerque and Santa Fe, it considers the territory’s multiracial and multicultural past by tracing Indian and Spanish burial practices, the influence of colonialism and independence, and ultimately the arrival of non-Catholic “Anglo,” African American, European, and Asian newcomers to transform the local burial landscape. Although earlier archival and archaeological evidence suggests that New Mexicans did not segregate their dead by race and ethnicity, subsequent imperial shifts, new concern over public health, evolving church influence, and religious and racial transformation led to new practices to separate the dead by faith, national origin, race, and economic standing.

Media and Mayhem in Corrections: The Role of the Media in Prison Riots

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 420-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
SUE MAHAN ◽  
RICHARD LAWRENCE
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
New Mexico ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Santa Fe ◽  
The Media ◽  
Prison Riots

Three of the most infamous prison riots in the United States took place in Attica, New York; Santa Fe, New Mexico; and Lucasville, Ohio in 1971, 1980, and 1993, respectively. Although an examination of the three riots reveals differences in the uprisings, there are important similarities in the underlying conditions behind them. Analysis of the three riots shows the significant role played by representatives of the media both in negotiating with inmates and taking back the three institutions. In this article, the authors discuss the influence and effect of media coverage on prison riots based on what was learned from the participation of the media in the Attica, Santa Fe, and Lucasville uprisings.

La Conquistadora: A Conquering Virgin Meets Her Match

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 245-268
Author(s):  
Ann Marie Leimer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Mexico ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
The United States ◽  
Native Peoples ◽  
Marian Devotion ◽  
New Mexican ◽  
Page Book

‭The Mexican Museum in San Francisco commissioned Delilah Montoya to produce a contemporary codex for the 1992 exhibition “The Chicano Codices: Encountering Art of the Americas,” which sought to critique Quincentennial observances erasing indigenous presence. The artist created a seven-page book, Codex Delilah, Six-Deer: Journey from Mexicatl to Chicana, that depicted the consequences of the initial American-European encounter, and she used the heroine Six-Deer to visually record women’s contributions to this 500-year history. In the codex’s fourth panel, Six-Deer comes across Adora-la-Conquistadora, the artist’s revisioning of the New Mexican Catholic icon of Our Lady of the Rosary, La Conquistadora, the oldest figure of Marian devotion in the United States. Six-Deer contests the designs of the Virgin, who intends to forcefully convert the native peoples of New Mexico. Rather than capitulate, Six-Deer refuses to participate in New Mexico’s Reconquista of 1692. Although Montoya appropriated La Conquistadora’s traditional sartorial splendor, she proposed an alternate reading of this Conquering Virgin. This article reads Montoya’s depiction within the dimensions of La Conquistadora’s historical, religious, cultural, and iconographic contexts.‬

Como dicen los americanos

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Israel Sanz-Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Mexico ◽  
Language Shift ◽  
The United States ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Mexican Spanish ◽  
Lexical Borrowing ◽  
New Mexican ◽  
Us Southwest ◽  
The Us

This study analyzes the patterns of incorporation of English elements in New Mexican Spanish in the decades following the annexation of New Mexico by the United States as reflected in a corpus of private letters written between 1848 and 1936. The quantitative analysis shows that most types of contact features are infrequent during much of this period, but there is an increase in the presence of English elements in the last decades covered by the corpus. It also shows that semantic and lexical borrowing is much more frequent than structural interference or code-switching. These findings are then correlated with the general sociolinguistic environment of post-annexation Hispanic New Mexico, where bilingualism and language shift to English were much more infrequent than elsewhere in the US Southwest. Attention is also paid to features that pertain exclusively to the written language, and their distribution is explained as a function of the degree of exposure of Hispanic New Mexicans to literacy in English and Spanish.

scholarly journals Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Reveal Genetic Diversity in New Mexican Chile Peppers (Capsicum Spp.) 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis N. Lozada ◽  
Madhav Bhatta ◽  
Danise Coon ◽  
Paul W. Bosland
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
New Mexico ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
The United States ◽  
Snp Markers ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Chile Pepper ◽  
New Mexican ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Chile Peppers

Abstract Background: Chile peppers (Capsicum spp.) are among the most important horticultural crops in the world due to their number of uses. They are considered a major cultural and economic crop in the state of New Mexico in the United States. Evaluating genetic diversity in current New Mexican germplasm would facilitate genetic improvement for different traits. This study assessed genetic diversity, population structure, and linkage disequilibrium (LD) among 165 chile pepper genotypes using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers derived from genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). Results: A GBS approach identified 66,750 high-quality SNP markers with known map positions distributed across the 12 chromosomes of Capsicum. Principal components analysis revealed four distinct clusters based on species. Neighbor-joining phylogenetic analysis among New Mexico State University (NMSU) chile pepper varieties showed two main clusters, where the C. annuum genotypes grouped together based on fruit or pod type. A Bayesian clustering approach for the Capsicum population inferred K= 2 as the optimal number of clusters, where the C. chinense and C. frutescens grouped in a single cluster. Analysis of molecular variance revealed majority of variation to be between the Capsicum species (76.08%). Extensive LD decay (~5.59 Mb) across the whole Capsicum population was observed, demonstrating that a lower number of markers would be required for implementing genomewide association studies for different traits in New Mexican type chile peppers. Tajima’s D values demonstrated positive selection, population bottleneck, and balancing selection for the New Mexico Capsicum population. Genetic diversity for the New Mexican chile peppers was relatively low, indicating the need to introduce new alleles in the breeding program to broaden the genetic base of current germplasm. Conclusions: Analysis of genetic diversity among New Mexican chile peppers were evaluated using GBS-derived SNP markers and genetic relatedness on the species level was observed. Introducing novel alleles from other breeding programs or from wild species could help increase diversity in current germplasm. We present valuable information for future association mapping and genomic selection for different traits for New Mexican chile peppers for genetic improvement through marker-assisted breeding.

Where is the "Mexican" in "New Mexican"? Enacting History, Enacting Dominance in the Santa Fe Fiesta

2001 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 41-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Horton
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Racial Inequality ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Santa Fe ◽  
Pueblo Indians ◽  
Mixed Heritage ◽  
New Mexican ◽  
Spanish Colonization ◽  
History Of

What are the implications of public commemorations of the Southwest's Spanish colonization, and do such celebrations sanction the conquest's continuing legacy of racial inequality? This paper examines such questions by way of an analysis of the Santa Fe Fiesta, an annual celebration of New Mexico's 1692 re-conquest from the Pueblo Indians by Spanish General Don Diego de Vargas. The Santa Fe Fiesta, which uses living actors to publicly re-enact the Pueblos' submission to Spanish conquistadors, may be analyzed as a variant of the "conquest dramas" the Spanish historically used to convey a message of Spanish superiority and indigenous inferiority. Indeed, New Mexico's All Indian Pueblo Council and its Eight Northern Pueblos have boycotted the Fiesta since 1977, and some Chicanos have complained the event's glorification of a Spanish identity excludes Latinos of mixed heritage. However, an examination of the history of the Fiesta illustrates that although it ritually re-enacts the Spanish re-conquest of New Mexico, it also comments obliquely on another--the Anglo usurpation of Hispanos' former control over the region. Although Anglo officials at the Museum of New Mexico revived the Fiesta as a lure for tourists and settlers in the early 20th-century, Hispanos have gradually re-appropriated the Fiesta as a vehicle for the "active preservation of Hispanic heritage in New Mexico." Thus an analysis of the Fiesta's history illustrates that the event conveys a powerful contemporary message; it is both part conquest theater and part theater of resistance to Hispanos' own conquest.

From Settler to Citizen: New Mexican Economic Development and the Creation of Vecino Society, 1750–1820. By Ross Frank. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000. Pp. xxiv, 329. $45.00.

2001 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 1138-1139
Author(s):  
Richard J. Salvucci
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
University Of California ◽  
American Empire ◽  
Santa Fe ◽  
New Mexican ◽  
Pueblo Revolt ◽  
Northern Edge ◽  
Bourbon Reforms

The first Spanish expedition into New Mexico took place in 1598 under Juan de Oñate. Less than a century later, Spanish settlers were expelled from Santa Fe during the Pueblo revolt of 1680 and the Crown was unable to reestablish control until 1692. New Mexico thereafter remained little more than an insecure settlement on the northern edge of Spain's American empire. Like that of the other frontier marches, New Mexico's status changed dramatically after 1750, when Spain, impelled by growing foreign pressure, sought to strengthen the defensive margins of its possessions. New Mexico, Cuba, and the Argentine colony, for example, all received renewed attention in Madrid. Their subsequent development was dramatically altered by the metropolitan response to the Seven Years War (1756–1763), measures known collectively as the Bourbon reforms.

Pobladores of New Mexico

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Oeno Sunseri
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Native American ◽  
New Mexico ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Identity Performance ◽  
New Mexican ◽  
Survival Skill ◽  
Colonial Frontier ◽  
Critical Survival

Eighteenth-century New Mexican buffer villages located on the most exposed margins of the Spanish colony were built by pluralistic communities that included people of Spanish descent, nomadic Native American groups, and Pueblo allies. These grants of land on the late colonial frontier were settled by communities for whom an ability to mobilize multiple and situational identities was a critical survival skill during a time of increased captive raiding by nomadic groups. Positioned to protect administrative centers, their physical and social distance created opportunities for new kinds of identity performance and anxiety-generating upward mobility, despite their rank within the socioracial hierarchy known as the sistema de castas. Later nineteenth-century villages would live through a collapse of those labels. Recent archaeological investigations of pobladore communities in New Mexico speak to the plurality of cultures manifested on the frontier and epitomized by Genízaro villages.

scholarly journals Single nucleotide polymorphisms reveal genetic diversity in New Mexican chile peppers (Capsicum spp.)

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis N. Lozada ◽  
Madhav Bhatta ◽  
Danise Coon ◽  
Paul W. Bosland
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
New Mexico ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
The United States ◽  
Snp Markers ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Chile Pepper ◽  
New Mexican ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Chile Peppers

Abstract Background Chile peppers (Capsicum spp.) are among the most important horticultural crops in the world due to their number of uses. They are considered a major cultural and economic crop in the state of New Mexico in the United States. Evaluating genetic diversity in current New Mexican germplasm would facilitate genetic improvement for different traits. This study assessed genetic diversity, population structure, and linkage disequilibrium (LD) among 165 chile pepper genotypes using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers derived from genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). Results A GBS approach identified 66,750 high-quality SNP markers with known map positions distributed across the 12 chromosomes of Capsicum. Principal components analysis revealed four distinct clusters based on species. Neighbor-joining phylogenetic analysis among New Mexico State University (NMSU) chile pepper cultivars showed two main clusters, where the C. annuum genotypes grouped together based on fruit or pod type. A Bayesian clustering approach for the Capsicum population inferred K = 2 as the optimal number of clusters, where the C. chinense and C. frutescens grouped in a single cluster. Analysis of molecular variance revealed majority of variation to be between the Capsicum species (76.08 %). Extensive LD decay (~ 5.59 Mb) across the whole Capsicum population was observed, demonstrating that a lower number of markers would be required for implementing genome wide association studies for different traits in New Mexican type chile peppers. Tajima’s D values demonstrated positive selection, population bottleneck, and balancing selection for the New Mexico Capsicum population. Genetic diversity for the New Mexican chile peppers was relatively low, indicating the need to introduce new alleles in the breeding program to broaden the genetic base of current germplasm. Conclusions Genetic diversity among New Mexican chile peppers was evaluated using GBS-derived SNP markers and genetic relatedness on the species level was observed. Introducing novel alleles from other breeding programs or from wild species could help increase diversity in current germplasm. We present valuable information for future association mapping and genomic selection for different traits for New Mexican chile peppers for genetic improvement through marker-assisted breeding.

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