A Criterial Freezing approach to subject extraction in Jordanian Arabic

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marwan Jarrah
Keyword(s):  
Chain Formation ◽  
Jordanian Arabic ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Phase Impenetrability Condition ◽  
Subject Extraction ◽  
Time Point

AbstractUsing the Criterial Freezing approach to movement and chain formation (Rizzi 2005, 2006, 2014; Rizzi and Shlonsky 2006, 2007), this study explores the strategies Jordanian Arabic makes available for subject extraction. I argue that subject extraction in this variety of Arabic is constrained by the postulated D-linking condition of the Subject Criterion – i.e., [spec,SubjP] is filled by an element with the same D(iscourse)-linking status as that of the subject wh-word (D-linked vs. non-D-linked). In case of questions with a D-linked wh-word, [spec,SubjP] can be filled by the D-linked particle illi or a deictic (time-point/place-point) adjunct. Unlike time-point adjuncts, the use of place-point adjuncts to fill [spec,SubjP] is subject to the effects of the Phase Impenetrability Condition (Chomsky 2001), given their low base positions. In contrast, in case of questions with a non-D-linked wh-word, I assume that [spec,SubjP] is filled by an expletive pro.

Inflammatory arthritis: An under-recognized immune-relate adverse effect.

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e14565-e14565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meghan Mooradian ◽  
Justine Vanessa Cohen ◽  
Anita Giobbie-Hurder ◽  
Riley Fadden ◽  
Krista M. Rubin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibition ◽  
Clinical Factors ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Time Point

e14565 Background: Checkpoint inhibition (CPI) has significant and durable effectiveness against a broadening range of cancers and currently is FDA approved for more than 10 different malignancies. With increasing use of CPI, there is a need to understand the range and extent of immune-related adverse effects (irAE). Though certain irAEs, such as colitis and pneumonitis have been well studied, CPI- induced arthritis (CA) has not been widely recognized nor well characterized with data on the subject largely comprised of case reports and small case series. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 125 patients (pts) with advanced melanoma treated with CPI to define the incidence and clinical features of CA. We identified 20 pts who developed CA during the course of CPI treatment. Cases were included only if active rheumatic signs or symptoms developed after receiving therapy. Demographic data (gender, age), type of CPI, number of CPI cycles, treatment of CA and other irAE manifestations were extracted from the medical chart. Results: 16% of patients treated with CPI developed CA. Among the 20 pts, the average age at CA onset was 70.3 (43, 84) with 75% of pts male. 80% had received anti-PD-1 monotherapy, 15% combination anti-PD-1 + anti-CTLA-4 and 5% monotherapy with CTLA-4 inhibition. The average number of infusions prior to symptom onset was 13.5 (1-48) after a median time point of 6.6mths on therapy. Basic rheumatologic testing (RF, CCP, ANA) was only positive in 10% of cases. 20% of pts were treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs alone, whereas 40% required corticosteroids (systemic or injection). The remaining 40% necessitated treatment with disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs. Conclusions: CA is a debilitating irAE with a higher incidence (16%) than most other irAEs and a negative impact on the quality of life of pts affected. Based on our retrospective review, this irAE tends to delayed in onset and often requires systemic immune suppressants for effective treatment. We posit that this is an under recognized and undertreated irAE. Further work is needed to better define the clinical factors that may affect or predict its development.

Agreeing How? Implications for Theories of Agreement and Locality

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicki Carstens ◽  
Michael Diercks
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Notion ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Subject Agreement ◽  
Locative Inversion ◽  
Subject Extraction ◽  
Insight Into

In Lubukusu and Lusaamia, the wh-expression ‘how’ agrees in φ-features with the subject of its clause. We show that agreement on ‘how’ is not always identical to subject agreement on the verb: the two diverge in certain locative inversion and subject extraction environments. On the basis of these facts, we argue that ‘how’ is a vP adjunct with downward-probing uφ independent of the uφ that underlies subject agreement. We also explore locality paradoxes that arise in connection with agreeing ‘how’ in locative inversion constructions. These present challenges to the traditional notion of equidistance from a probe as an explanation for inversion, show that operators may have ‘‘active’’ φ-features even while they are Ā-opaque, and offer insight into the mechanisms making locative inversion possible.

Factivity and subject extraction in Jordanian Arabic

Lingua ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 219 ◽  
pp. 106-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marwan Jarrah
Keyword(s):  
Jordanian Arabic ◽  
Subject Extraction

scholarly journals The That-Trace Effect: Evidence from Spanish–English Code-Switching

Languages ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 189
Author(s):  
Bradley Hoot ◽  
Shane Ebert
Keyword(s):  
Code Switching ◽  
The Other ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Embedded Clause ◽  
Core Questions ◽  
Subject Extraction ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Acceptability Judgment ◽  
Intense Research

The that-trace effect is the fact that many languages (like English) ban the extraction of embedded-clause subjects but not objects over an overt complementizer like that, while many other languages (like Spanish) allow such extractions. The effect and its cross-linguistic variation have been the subject of intense research but remain largely a mystery, with no clear consensus on their underpinnings. We contribute novel evidence to these debates by using Spanish–English code-switching (the use of two languages in one sentence) to test five contemporary theoretical accounts of the that-trace effect. We conducted a formal acceptability judgment experiment, manipulating the extracted argument and code-switch site to test different combinations of linguistic features. We found that subject extraction is only permitted in Spanish–English code-switching when both the C head (que ‘that’) and the T head (i.e., the verb) are in Spanish, but not when either functional head is in English. Our results demonstrate indirect support for two of the five theories we test, failing to support the other three. Our findings also provide new evidence in favor of the view that the that-trace effect is tightly linked to the availability of post-verbal subjects. Finally, we outline how our results can narrow the range of possible theoretical accounts, demonstrating how code-switching data can contribute to core questions in linguistic theory.

Two (non-) islands in Slovenian: A study in Experimental Syntax

Linguistics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Stepanov ◽  
Manca Mušič ◽  
Penka Stateva
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Syntax ◽  
Island Structure ◽  
Island Effect ◽  
Theoretical Investigations ◽  
Acceptability Rating ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Subject Extraction ◽  
Processing Factors

Abstract There exists a controversy in the literature and among the speakers of Slovenian concerning the grammaticality of wh-island and subject island constructions in this language. We conducted an acceptability rating study of wh-islands and subject islands in Slovenian, using the factorial definition of island. This definition provides for a possibility to isolate a true island effect while controlling for two complexity factors that potentially interfere in speakers’ evaluation of the relevant sentences: the length of the respective movement dependency and the presence of an island structure itself. We found that (i) Slovenian speakers do judge the wh-island sentences worse than the respective controls, but the observed degradation cannot be attributed to a true island effect; (ii) subject extraction out of a wh-island leads to a so called reverse island effect whereby the acceptability is higher than expected even if the above two complexity factors are taken into consideration; and (iii) speakers are sensitive to the subject island effect, as predicted by the mainstream theories of syntactic locality. The results of our study contribute to establishing a solid empirical base for further theoretical investigations of the island effects and raise new questions about the role of processing factors in speakers’ evaluations of island constructions.

scholarly journals Utilização de Técnicas de Aprendizado de Máquina para Acompanhamento de Fóruns Educacionais

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (03) ◽  
pp. 112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitor Rolim ◽  
Rafael Ferreira ◽  
Evandro Costa
Keyword(s):  
Discussion Forums ◽  
Educational Support ◽  
Support Tool ◽  
The Neural Network ◽  
Neural Network Algorithm ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Identification Stage ◽  
Teaching Learning ◽  
Subject Extraction ◽  
Computational Systems

With the growth of distance education, and the adoption of computational systems as an educational support tool, the use of virtual learning environments has also grown. These environments offer various tools that could be used to assist in the teaching-learning process, one of these tools is the forum. Discussion forums in online educational platforms often require monitoring of thousands of users. Due to the large number of posts, it is difficult to supervise all students. In order to perform an effective monitoring, it is necessary computational tools to assist the teacher. This study aims to develop an approach to manage educational forums posts. To achieve this goal, two steps were performed: the identification of posts classified as doubt, and the extraction of the subject from post. In the Identification stage, the neural network algorithm achieved 97% of accuracy. For subject extraction step was proposed an algorithm based on unsupervised learning and Wikipedia. This algorithm achieved a 76.1% of accuracy. Moreover, the system recommended videos to the student according to the subject extracted from posts. This approach assists the teacher by reducing the time used to answer the students’ questions, and the student by providing supplementary materials to help solve his doubt.

Parsing Effects in Second Language Sentence Processing

1995 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Juffs ◽  
Michael Harrington
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Language Learners ◽  
Sentence Processing ◽  
Second Language Learners ◽  
Word Reading ◽  
Universal Grammar ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Subject Extraction

This paper reexamines claims that second language learners are more accurate at judging long-distance object extraction than subject extraction and that the difference in accuracy is due to processing factors rather than differences in underlying competence. Although previous studies have reported robust effects for the subject/object asymmetry, the global nature of the response measures leaves open the question of whether the subject gap is in fact the locus of difficulty for second language learners. Using many of the same stimuli sentences from original research in combination with a theory of principle-based parsing, this study employs the moving window display technique to collect on-line measures of processing long-distancewh-extraction. Twenty-five advanced Chinese-speaking ESL learners provided grammaticality judgments in two presentation conditions: full-sentence, where judgment reaction times are measured from sentence onset to the learner's judgment; and word-by-word reading, where word-by-word latencies are collected in addition to judgments. The accuracy and reaction time results from the full-sentence condition replicated previous findings. The word-by-word results confirm that it is the subject gap that is the source of difficulty for the learners. Claims in the literature that principles of Universal Grammar are not available to adult learners are not supported by these results, which show that parsing, and not grammatical competence, is the source of difficulty on performance with subject extraction sentences.

scholarly journals The halting problem

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas J Sobin
Keyword(s):  
Subject Position ◽  
Halting Problem ◽  
Sensory Motor ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Subject Extraction

In Chomsky 2015 it is proposed that raising of a wh phrase from subject position is not possible unless C is deleted in the Narrow Syntax (NS), as seen in the that/Comp-trace Effect (C-tE).  Evidence presented here indicates that the raising of a subject may allow and even require the overt presence of C, pointing toward the conclusions that raising a subject is not related to C deletion, and that all wh subjects raise.  The alternative considered here is that the locus of phenomena such as the C-tE may be the Sensory-motor (SM) component rather than NS.  Taking anti-Comp-trace phenomena into account, there appears to be a requirement that a subject extraction must be phonetically marked (‘Subject Extraction Marking’--SEM), either by the subject itself being overt, or by the presence of an overt C.  This paper proposes a possible SM analysis consisting of rules that account for the complexities of spelling out that including Doubly-filled Comp, the C-tE, and SEM.

Words

PMLA ◽  
1935 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 1320-1327
Author(s):  
Colbert Searles
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Assistant Professor ◽  
The Subject

THE germ of that which follows came into being many years ago in the days of my youth as a university instructor and assistant professor. It was generated by the then quite outspoken attitude of colleagues in the “exact sciences”; the sciences of which the subject-matter can be exactly weighed and measured and the force of its movements mathematically demonstrated. They assured us that the study of languages and literature had little or nothing scientific about it because: “It had no domain of concrete fact in which to work.” Ergo, the scientific spirit was theirs by a stroke of “efficacious grace” as it were. Ours was at best only a kind of “sufficient grace,” pleasant and even necessary to have, but which could, by no means ensure a reception among the elected.

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