After Exoneration: Attributions of Responsibility Impact Perceptions

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (01) ◽  
pp. 85-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meaghan E. Savage ◽  
Kimberley A. Clow ◽  
Regina A. Schuller ◽  
Rosemary Ricciardelli
Keyword(s):  
Attribution Theory ◽  
Social Motivation ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
False Confessions ◽  
Motivation Theory ◽  
False Confession ◽  
Wrongful Conviction ◽  
Attributions Of Responsibility ◽  
Police Practices

AbstractGuided by Weiner’s (1993, Am Psychol 48:957-964) attribution theory of social motivation, we examined perceptions of exonerees. Specifically, we examined whether biased police procedures impacted perceptions of responsibility, emotional reactions, and willingness to assist exonerees. Participants read a vignette involving an exoneration due to either a false confession or an eyewitness misidentification with police practices (biased vs. unbiased) manipulated across participants. Findings corroborate that participants hold more negative views of exonerees who falsely confess than exonerees who were mistakenly identified by eyewitnesses. Moreover, when police bias was high, participants were angrier at the police and less likely to perceive the exoneree as responsible for the wrongful conviction—especially when false confessions were involved. The findings are discussed in light of Weiner’s social motivation theory, and in regards to improving attitudes towards individuals who have been wrongly convicted.

scholarly journals Wrongful Convictions and Mental Illness

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-54
Author(s):  
Lauren Amos
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Vulnerable Populations ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Racial Bias ◽  
False Confessions ◽  
Miranda Rights ◽  
False Confession ◽  
Wrongful Conviction ◽  
Wrongful Convictions

People with a mental illness (PWMI) are among the most vulnerable populations in the country, yet are far more likely to be incarcerated than people without a mental illness. PWMI are more likely to be wrongfully convicted for several reasons.At the onset of an investigation, PWMI are more likely to become suspects. Symptoms of mental illness breed fear and misunderstanding, arousing suspicion of a PWMI in the first place. Once approached by police, PWMI are more likely to escalate the initial encounter, leading to arrest and further interrogation. Through the lens of the Reid Technique, police misinterpret symptoms of mental illness as signs of guilt. Police continue using the Reid Technique to extract a confession. Mid- interrogation, PWMI are less likely to invoke Miranda rights. Without counsel, PWMI are more susceptible to minimization and maximation techniques, leading to higher rates of false confessions and ultimately, false convictions. These issues are significantly exacerbated for PWMI of color, who experience additional racial bias. From the beginning of an investigation to the end, the justice system seems perversely calculated to target innocent PWMI, rather than protect them. The case of James Blackmon demonstrates how an innocent PWMI can be railroaded into a false confession and wrongful conviction. This paper details Blackmon’s case, analyzes how each step of an investigation endangers PWMI, and examines possible solutions to protect innocent PWMI.  

Challenges to the social motivation theory of autism: The dangers of counteracting an imprecise theory with even more imprecision

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirko Uljarević ◽  
Giacomo Vivanti ◽  
Susan R. Leekam ◽  
Antonio Y. Hardan
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Social Motivation ◽  
Motivation Theory ◽  
The Social

Abstract The arguments offered by Jaswal & Akhtar to counter the social motivation theory (SMT) do not appear to be directly related to the SMT tenets and predictions, seem to not be empirically testable, and are inconsistent with empirical evidence. To evaluate the merits and shortcomings of the SMT and identify scientifically testable alternatives, advances are needed on the conceptualization and operationalization of social motivation across diagnostic boundaries.

Understanding Police Interrogation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Douglas Woody ◽  
Krista D. Forrest ◽  
Edie Greene
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Disabilities ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
False Confessions ◽  
False Confession ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Police Interrogation ◽  
Race And Crime ◽  
Mistaken Belief ◽  
Erroneous Belief

What drives suspects to confess during police interrogation? In particular, why do some people falsely confess to serious crimes, despite both the likelihood of severe negative consequences and their actual innocence? Too often, observers endorse the mistaken belief that only people with severe mental illnesses or cognitive disabilities would confess falsely. This common but erroneous belief overlooks the risks that result from additional factors that can influence the nature of an interrogation and may conduce to a false confession, including investigators’ biases, cultural views about race and crime, the powerful effects of police deception on suspects, and characteristics of the suspect and of the circumstances that can increase the suspect’s vulnerability. This book examines numerous cases of false confession to clarify the totality of the circumstances surrounding interrogation and confession, including the interactions of many psychological, legal, cultural, personal, and other factors that lead to greater likelihood of confessions, including coerced or false confessions. It presents recommendations for reforming police interrogation in order to produce accurate, detailed confessions from factually guilty suspects, confessions that stand up under rigorous legal review, are admissible at trial, and lead to guilty verdicts.

scholarly journals False Confessions and the Use of Incriminating Evidence

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Cole ◽  
JC Bruno Teboul ◽  
David E Zulawski ◽  
Douglas E Wicklander ◽  
Shane G Sturman
Keyword(s):  
Present Experiment ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
False Confessions ◽  
False Confession ◽  
Experimental Task

To date, few experimental studies have looked at the factors that influence people’s willingness to confess to something they did not do.  One widely cited experiment on the topic (i.e., Kassin & Kiechel, 1996) has suggested that false confessions are easy to obtain and that the use of false incriminating evidence increases the likelihood of obtaining one.  The present research attempted to replicate Kassin and Kiechel’s (1996) work using a different experimental task.  In the present experiment, unlike Kassin and Kiechel’s (1996) study, the participants were completely certain that they were not responsible for what had happened, thereby providing a different context for testing the idea that false incriminating evidence increases the likelihood of obtaining a false confession.  The results are discussed with respect to factors that may or may not increase individuals’ willingness to offer a false admission of guilt.

scholarly journals Motivasi Pengusaha Muslim Memproduksi Produk Imitasi (Studi Pada Sentra Industri Kerajinan Kulit di Tanggulangin)

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 218
Author(s):  
Firmansyah Aditama ◽  
Irham Zaki
Keyword(s):  
Social Motivation ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Motivation Theory ◽  
Study Strategy ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Data Collecting

The purpose of this research is to know motivations which encourage moslementrepreneurs decide producing imitation product.This research used a qualitative approach with explanatory case study strategy which is able to answer the question arised. Data collecting process was done by interviewing moslem entrepereneurs in Tanggulangin. Analysis technique which used in this research is descriptive, because author tried to describe a symptoms, occurance, and events which happened nowadays. Author tried to capture events and occurance that happened and being a central of attention to be explained as it seen on the location.The result showed that there are many forms of motivation why moslem entrepreneurs decide to produce imitation products. Those motivations were classified and explained based on the Islamic motivation theory by Abdul Hamid Mursi. That motivation theory is physiological motivation, psychological or social motivation, and working and producing motivation.

scholarly journals Robots or frontline employees? Exploring customers’ attributions of responsibility and stability after service failure or success

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-289
Author(s):  
Daniel Belanche ◽  
Luis V. Casaló ◽  
Carlos Flavián ◽  
Jeroen Schepers
Keyword(s):  
Attribution Theory ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Service Failure ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Service Robots ◽  
Frontline Employees ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Attributions Of Responsibility ◽  
Service Failures ◽  
Artificial Intelligence Technology

PurposeService robots are taking over the organizational frontline. Despite a recent surge in studies on this topic, extant works are predominantly conceptual in nature. The purpose of this paper is to provide valuable empirical insights by building on the attribution theory.Design/methodology/approachTwo vignette-based experimental studies were employed. Data were collected from US respondents who were randomly assigned to scenarios focusing on a hotel’s reception service and restaurant’s waiter service.FindingsResults indicate that respondents make stronger attributions of responsibility for the service performance toward humans than toward robots, especially when a service failure occurs. Customers thus attribute responsibility to the firm rather than the frontline robot. Interestingly, the perceived stability of the performance is greater when the service is conducted by a robot than by an employee. This implies that customers expect employees to shape up after a poor service encounter but expect little improvement in robots’ performance over time.Practical implicationsRobots are perceived to be more representative of a firm than employees. To avoid harmful customer attributions, service providers should clearly communicate to customers that frontline robots pack sophisticated analytical, rather than simple mechanical, artificial intelligence technology that explicitly learns from service failures.Originality/valueCustomer responses to frontline robots have remained largely unexplored. This paper is the first to explore the attributions that customers make when they experience robots in the frontline.

Good times and bad: responsibility in brand alliances

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 448-471
Author(s):  
Casey E. Newmeyer ◽  
Julie A. Ruth
Keyword(s):  
Attribution Theory ◽  
Attribution Of Responsibility ◽  
Strategic Choices ◽  
Brand Alliances ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Attributions Of Responsibility ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Brand Alliance ◽  
Consumer Attributions ◽  
Alliance Partners

Purpose Marketing managers have strategic choices when forming brand alliances. One such choice is integration, defined as the extent to which the offering is a fusion in the form and function of the partner brands. The paper aims to investigate how integration affects consumer attribution of responsibility to brand alliance partners. Design/methodology/approach This paper builds on the previous study on brand alliances and attribution theory. Multiple experiments are used to test three hypotheses. Findings This research shows that consumers are sensitive to the level of alliance integration, which, in turn, affects attributions of responsibility for the joint offering. Consistent with attribution theory, results show that responsibility for each brand varies systematically by integration and lead brand status vis-à-vis the alliance: while consumers perceive both brands as equally responsible for higher integration brand alliances, responsibility attributions diverge in lower integration alliances based on whether the brand is the alliance host. This pattern also holds for product-harm events. Research limitations/implications It is important to explore brand alliance characteristics and to date, the level of integration between the partners has not been considered from a consumer standpoint. Consumers are sensitive to the level of partner brand integration and this perception influences perceptions of responsibility. Practical implications Managers should be aware that the level of brand alliance integration and lead brand status lead to different attributions of responsibility, which is strategically important, as brands seek to take credit in positive contexts and avoid blame for negative events. Originality/value This paper explores brand alliances via the level of integration and leads brand status, which are key determinants of consumer attributions of responsibility.

Pragmatics and social motivation in autism

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail Kissine
Keyword(s):  
Social Motivation ◽  
Central Feature ◽  
Motivation Theory ◽  
The Social

Abstract Pragmatic deficits constitute a central feature of autism, which is highly relevant to Jaswal & Akhtar's criticisms of the social motivation theory of autism. Recent research reveals that while certain context-based interpretations are accessible, more complex pragmatic phenomena remain challenging for people on the spectrum. Such a selective pragmatic impairment is difficult to account for in motivational terms.

Adaptive behaviour and predictive processing accounts of autism

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelsey Perrykkad
Keyword(s):  
Social Motivation ◽  
Predictive Processing ◽  
Adaptive Behaviour ◽  
Motivation Theory ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Autistic People ◽  
The Social

Abstract Many autistic behaviours can rightly be classified as adaptive, but why these behaviours differ from adaptive neurotypical behaviours in the same environment requires explanation. I argue that predictive processing accounts best explain why autistic people engage different adaptive responses to the environment and, further, account for evidence left unexplained by the social motivation theory.

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