scholarly journals Regulating for Australia's Youngest Workers

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-86
Author(s):  
Natalie van der Waarden
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
State Level ◽  
International Standards ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Accepted Part ◽  
European Community Directive ◽  
Community Directive

Child labour is a phrase associated with exploitation, poverty, insufficient education and various forms of physical abuse. These connotations do not match Australian perceptions about the employment of children and are not correlated with mainstream dialogue on teenagers in part time and casual employment. Child employment is an accepted part of Australian society, with older children making up a significant portion of the workforce. Minimum standards are increasingly regarded a critical safeguard for young Australians at work, evidenced by recent state level statutory amendment and enactment of dedicated legislation. This article makes two submissions; first, it suggests the regulation of young people's working conditions is inappropriately neglected at national level in Australia, and secondly, it proposes national standards should be set and equated with those in other developed economies, meeting international standards. The 1994 European Community Directive on the Protection of Young Workers is referred to as a suitable benchmark.

scholarly journals Areas of Concern of the Tourism Activities Implementation

2020 ◽  
pp. 95-100
Author(s):  
Valentyna Boiko ◽  
Alina Myroshnychenko ◽  
Anna Kolodiazhna
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
International Standards ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Industry Development ◽  
Tourism Management ◽  
Tourism Product ◽  
Local Levels

Current condition, problems and prospects for the domestic tourism industry development are studied. The main aspects hindering the tourism industry development in the country are considered and require further solutions. The current normative legal acts regulating issues in the field of tourism are considered and the attention is focused on the lack of correlation between the normative regulation of the branch and the share of revenues from the provision of tourist services in the country's GDP. It is determined that further reorganization and development of tourism in our country is not possible without the active support and direct intervention of the state. The authors proposed the measures, the implementation of which will help harmonize national standards in the field of tourism and resorts with international standards and help improve the quality of the national tourism product. It is proved that the development of the tourism industry directly depends not only on strengthening state regulation of tourism at the national level, but also at the regional level, especially since the tourism management system at the regional and local levels in decentralization in Ukraine is far from perfect. Emphasis is placed on the need to implement EU legislation in the field of tourism and resorts, which contributes to the improvement of tourism legislation and developed recommendations for the implementation of mechanisms for tourism development in the country.

Setting International Standards: Technological Rationality or Primacy of Power?

2003 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Mattli ◽  
Tim Büthe
Keyword(s):  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
Analytical Approach ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
National Level ◽  
International Standards ◽  
National Standards ◽  
National Product ◽  
International Level ◽  
Nontariff Barriers ◽  
Battle Of The Sexes

Standards have become one of the most important nontariff barriers to trade, especially national product standards that specify design or performance characteristics of manufactured goods. Divergent national standards often inhibit trade, whereas regional and international standards increasingly serve as instruments of trade liberalization. Consequently, the setting of international standards—seemingly technical and apolitical—is rapidly becoming an issue of economic and political salience. But who sets international standards? Who wins, who loses? This article offers a fresh analytical approach to the study of international standards, which the authors call the institutional complementarities approach. It builds on insights from realism and the “Battle of the Sexes” coordination game but emphasizes complementarities of historically conditioned standardization systems at the national level with the institutional structure of standardization at the international level. It posits that, after controlling for other factors that influence involvement in international standardization, differences in institutional complementarities play a critical though largely accidental role in placing firms from different countries or regions in a first- or second-mover position when standardization becomes global. The authors illustrate the insightfulness of this approach through statistical analyses of the first scientific set of data on standards use and standardization, collected by the authors through an international online survey.

scholarly journals METHODS FOR DETERMINING TAX INCOME IN ACCORDANCE WITH NATIONAL LAW AND IAS 12 “INCOME TAXES”

2020 ◽  
pp. 182-194
Author(s):  
Liudmyla Shkulipa
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
National Level ◽  
Income Taxes ◽  
International Standards ◽  
National Standards ◽  
National Accounting ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Regulatory Approach ◽  
Business Entities ◽  
Tax Changes

Introduction. A profit is one of the most important indicators of the financial performance of business entities, as it is a source of financing the costs of their production and social development. The part of the income is withdrawn by the state as an income tax and a source of funding for public expenditure. The understanding of the correct methodology for determining tax profit in accordance with applicable national law and IAS 12 "Income Taxes" is being the most often interest of the accountants and practitioners. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to investigate the methodology for determining tax income in accordance with the Tax Code of Ukraine and national accounting standards. The regulatory approach to research allows for the identification of differences in the regulation of this research object at the national level and in accordance with IAS 12 “Income Taxes”. Methods. To achieve this goal, common scientific methods, both at the empirical and theoretical levels of research were used. The methods of analysis to compare the methodology for determining tax income in accordance with the Tax Code of Ukraine and the corresponding national accounting standard were used. Modeling and abstraction techniques to address the various situations associated with the reflection of income tax by businesses of different ownership were used. Results. The article describes a new methodology for determining taxable income in accordance with the rules of national legislation and gives a critical analysis of new changes in the Tax Code of Ukraine. There are two options for finding a business entity on the general tax system; regular correspondence on accounting for income tax on ordinary activities have been clarified. For the first time the method of determining tax profit (loss) according to the Tax Code of Ukraine and national standards has been compared; the composition of information on the main components of income tax expense and information subject to separate disclosure under IAS 12 “Income Taxes” has been systematized. The snippet of the Income tax declaration on the decision not to apply tax differences is given. Discussion. To increase the level of objectivity and materiality of the information on tax profit presentation presented in the financial statements, it is necessary to search for trade-offs between accounting and tax concepts within a common ideology. The results have shown that tax changes are not always made public in the proper explanation and are being challenged by users (accountants) who have different interests. The consideration of the method for determining tax income allows us to argue that the international standards more broadly define the criteria for recognizing and reflecting in the financial statement current income tax.

International Standards Used Locally Worldwide: Adopting ISO Standards for the (Offshore) Oil and Gas Industry As National Standard by 34 European Countries in a Single Process

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. J. (Jarno) Dakhorst
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
National Level ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Offshore Structures ◽  
International Standards ◽  
National Standards ◽  
European Countries ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
European Standards

Standardisation is the process of developing a standard at an international, regional or national level. The oil and gas industry welcomes international standards as tool to do its operations efficiently and responsibly, and to demonstrate to comply with regulations, where applicable. In this way, the oil and gas industry uses international standards as part of their licence to operate. Because the oil and gas industry is acting globally, it would like to prevent that they have to deal with different standards depending on the region or country in which they operate. Therefore, the oil and gas industry strives for international standards that are also adopted as national standards across the world. The European oil and gas industry supports this vision by adopting the international standards as European standards, which will then become the national standard as well in 34 European countries at once. Also in the field of offshore structures and more recently Arctic operations, international standards are being developed or revised to respond to the needs of the industry. These standardisation activities include European involvement to ensure alignment of the standards portfolio of the oil and gas industry.

scholarly journals K-12 Education in the United States: Should We Implement National Standards and Assessments?

2009 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Jessica McKinney
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Secondary Students ◽  
National Level ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Content Standards ◽  
Science Scores ◽  
The Face ◽  
K 12

In the face of increasing technical demands from the international labor market, U.S. students' math and science scores indicate a competitive disadvantage. Presently, states and equivalent state-level units control content standards and assessments for all students, creating over 50 distinct systems of measuring student success. This paper examines the possible use of national-level standards and assessments and evaluates such a policy based on effectiveness, political feasibility, cost, and administrative feasibility. Instituting national standards and assessments for elementary and secondary students could improve the competitiveness of the workforce in the United States if the standards are set at rigorous levels.

Applicability of management guidelines for surfing resources in California

Shore & Beach ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 53-64
Author(s):  
Edward Atkin ◽  
Dan Reineman ◽  
Jesse Reiblich ◽  
David Revell
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
National Level ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Management Guidelines ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Aotearoa New Zealand ◽  
Coastal Marine ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Legal Frameworks

Surf breaks are finite, valuable, and vulnerable natural resources, that not only influence community and cultural identities, but are a source of revenue and provide a range of health benefits. Despite these values, surf breaks largely lack recognition as coastal resources and therefore the associated management measures required to maintain them. Some countries, especially those endowed with high-quality surf breaks and where the sport of surfing is accepted as mainstream, have recognized the value of surfing resources and have specific policies for their conservation. In Aotearoa New Zealand surf breaks are included within national environmental policy. Aotearoa New Zealand has recently produced Management Guidelines for Surfing Resources (MGSR), which were developed in conjunction with universities, regional authorities, not-for-profit entities, and government agencies. The MGSR provide recommendations for both consenting authorities and those wishing to undertake activities in the coastal marine area, as well as tools and techniques to aid in the management of surfing resources. While the MGSR are firmly aligned with Aotearoa New Zealand’s cultural and legal frameworks, much of their content is applicable to surf breaks worldwide. In the United States, there are several national-level and state-level statutes that are generally relevant to various aspects of surfing resources, but there is no law or policy that directly addresses them. This paper describes the MGSR, considers California’s existing governance frameworks, and examines the potential benefits of adapting and expanding the MGSR in this state.

scholarly journals Analysis of 220 Years of Floodplain Population Dynamics in the US at Different Spatial Scales

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 141
Author(s):  
Firoza Akhter ◽  
Maurizio Mazzoleni ◽  
Luigia Brandimarte
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
National Level ◽  
State Level ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Management Planning ◽  
The Us ◽  
Over Time

In this study, we explore the long-term trends of floodplain population dynamics at different spatial scales in the contiguous United States (U.S.). We exploit different types of datasets from 1790–2010—i.e., decadal spatial distribution for the population density in the US, global floodplains dataset, large-scale data of flood occurrence and damage, and structural and nonstructural flood protection measures for the US. At the national level, we found that the population initially settled down within the floodplains and then spread across its territory over time. At the state level, we observed that flood damages and national protection measures might have contributed to a learning effect, which in turn, shaped the floodplain population dynamics over time. Finally, at the county level, other socio-economic factors such as local flood insurances, economic activities, and socio-political context may predominantly influence the dynamics. Our study shows that different influencing factors affect floodplain population dynamics at different spatial scales. These facts are crucial for a reliable development and implementation of flood risk management planning.

scholarly journals Shooting from the ‘Scrip: Scope of Practice Laws and Access to Immunizations in the Pharmacy Setting

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 444
Author(s):  
Charles Stoecker
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
National Level ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Scope Of Practice ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Behavioral Risk ◽  
Influenza Immunization ◽  
Immunization Rates ◽  
The Impact

In the past two decades, most states in the United States have added authorization for pharmacists to administer some vaccinations. Expansions of this authority have also come with prescription requirements or other regulatory burdens. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of these expansions on influenza immunization rates in adults age 65 and over. A panel data, differences-in-differences regression framework to control for state-level unobserved confounders and shocks at the national level was used on a combination of a dataset of state-level statute and regulatory changes and influenza immunization data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Giving pharmacists permission to vaccinate had a positive impact on adult influenza immunization rates of 1.4 percentage points for adults age 65 and over. This effect was diminished by the presence of laws requiring pharmacists to obtain patient-specific prescriptions. There was no evidence that allowing pharmacists to administer vaccinations led patients to have fewer annual check-ups with physicians or not have a usual source of health care. Expanding pharmacists’ scope of practice laws to include administering the influenza vaccine had a positive impact on influenza shot uptake. This may have implications for relaxing restrictions on other forms of care that could be provided by pharmacists.

State e-Government Portals in Malaysia

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aria Asadi Eskandar ◽  
Murali Raman
Keyword(s):  
Citizen Participation ◽  
State Government ◽  
National Level ◽  
State Level ◽  
Security And Privacy ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Web Portal ◽  
Government Service ◽  
The Past ◽  
Government Websites

Most of the international e-Government benchmarking studies have focused on national government websites such as portal of ministries at the national level. This paper examines the level of sophistication of e-Government websites for different states in Malaysia, as opposed to a national level assessment, both in terms of the breadth and depth of e-Government service offering. This paper adds to the existing body of knowledge in relation to e-Government web portal assessment in two ways. First, studies pertaining to e-Government in Malaysia focus mainly on implementation issues at the Federal/National level– The authors examined State level implementation of e-Government services. Secondly, they used a predetermined instrument to assess the sophistication level of State government web portals, by consolidating different measurement items from our review of literature over the past ten years. The authors analyzed the website for a total of thirteen states in Malaysia, in relation to six different dimension measures of e-Government service offerings, as prescribed by literature. These six dimension measures are the extent of transparency, interactivity, usability and accessibility of the portal, citizen participation, security and privacy, and maturity level of services. A content analysis of the web portal was done, using a predetermined instrument developed based on our review of literature on this topic, in the past ten years. Their findings suggest that different State Governments in Malaysia demonstrate different levels of maturity in relation to the six dimensions measured.

Discussion on Determination of Non-Methane Hydrocarbons

2014 ◽  
Vol 1073-1076 ◽  
pp. 562-566
Author(s):  
Zhe Min Li
Keyword(s):  
International Standards ◽  
National Standards ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Measure Methods

This paper summarized the measure methods which include both Chinese national standards and international standards of how to determine the concentration of Non-methane Hydrocarbons (NMHC).Some problems and suggestions were discussed in this paper to improve the level of the measure methods and prompt the establishment of relative Chinese national standard.

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