scholarly journals MP24: Effect on pain of an oral sucrose solution versus placebo in children 1 to 3 months old needing nasopharyngeal aspiration; a randomized controlled trial

CJEM ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (S1) ◽  
pp. S73
Author(s):  
L. Alix-Séguin ◽  
M. Desjardins ◽  
N. Gaucher ◽  
D. Lebel ◽  
J. Gravel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Pain Scale ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trial ◽  
Solution Versus ◽  
Pain Scores ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Oral Sucrose

Introduction: Oral sweet solutions have been accepted as effective pain reducing agents for neonates. However studies in the Emergency Department (ED) setting have conflicting results. The objective is to compare the efficacy of an oral sucrose solution versus placebo in reducing pain in children 1 to 3 months of age during nasopharyngeal aspiration (NPA) in the ED. Methods: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled clinical trial was conducted in a pediatric university-affiliated hospital ED. Participants from 1 to 3 months of age requiring NPA were recruited and randomly allocated to receive 2 mls of an 88% sucrose solution (SUC) or 2 mls of a placebo solution (PLA) orally, 2 mins before NPA. The primary outcome was the mean difference in pain scores at 1 min post NPA as assessed by the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry and Consolability (FLACC) Pain Scale. Secondary outcomes were the difference in pain scores using the Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS), crying time, heart rate and adverse events. Results: 72 participants were recruited and completed the study, 37 (group SUC) and 35 (group PLA) respectively. Both groups had similar demographic and clinical characteristics and baseline FLACC and NIPS pain scores (all p=value >0.4). The mean difference in FLACC scores compared to baseline was 3.3 (2.5-4.1) (SUC) vs. 3.2 (2.3-4.1) (PLA) (p=.94) at 1 min and -1.2 (-1.7 to 0.7) (SUC) vs. -0.8 (-1.5 to -0.1) (PLA) (p=.66) at 3 mins after NPA. For the NIPS scores, it was 2.3 (1.6-3.0) (SUC) vs. 2.5 (1.8-3.2) (PLA) (p=.86) at 1 min and -1.2 (-1.6 to -0.8) (SUC) vs. -0.8 (-1.3 to 0.2) (PLA) (p=.59) 3 mins after NPA. There was no difference in the mean crying time, 114 (98-130) secs (SUC) vs. 109 (92-126) secs (PLA) (p=.81). No significant difference was found in participants’ heart rate at 1 min 174 (154-194) BPM (SUC) vs. 179 (160-198) BPM (PLA) (p=.32) and at 3 mins 165 (143-187) BPM (SUC) vs. 164 (142-186) BPM (PLA) (p=.86) after NPA. Three patients had vomiting during the procedure (2 PLA and 1 SUC), and one had an episode of chocking (PLA). Conclusion: In infants 1 to 3 months of age undergoing nasopharyngeal aspiration in the ED, administration of an oral sweet solution did not statistically decrease pain scores as measured by the FLACC and NIPS scales. Participants’ heart rate and crying time were not significantly decreased when sucrose was provided.

scholarly journals LO037: A randomized double-blind trial comparing the effect on pain of an oral sucrose solution versus placebo in children 1 to 3 months old needing urethral catheterization

CJEM ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (S1) ◽  
pp. S42-S43
Author(s):  
M. Desjardins ◽  
S. Gouin ◽  
N. Gaucher ◽  
D. Lebel ◽  
J. Gravel
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Pain Scale ◽  
Urethral Catheterization ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Solution Versus ◽  
Pain Scores ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Oral Sucrose ◽  
The Difference

Introduction: Oral sweet solutions have been accepted as effective analgesics for procedures in the neonatal population. However, there have been a limited number of trials in older infants. These studies have conflicting results. The objective of the study was to compare the efficacy of an oral sucrose solution versus placebo in reducing pain during urethral catheterization in infants 1 to 3 months old in the Emergency Department (ED). Methods: A randomized, double-blind clinical trial was conducted in a pediatric university-affiliated hospital ED. Infants, 1 to 3 months of age, were recruited and randomly allocated to receive 2 ml of 88% sucrose solution (SUC) or 2 ml of placebo solution (PLA) orally, 2 minutes before planned urethral catheterization. The primary outcome measure was the difference in pain scores as assessed by the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry and Consolability (FLACC) Pain Scale at 1 min post procedure. Secondary outcome measures were the difference in pain scores using the Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS), crying time and variations in heart rate. Results: Seventy-six participants were recruited and completed the study, 37 (group SUC) and 39 (group PLA) respectively. The mean difference in FLACC scores compared to baseline was 5.62 ± 1.32 (SUC) vs. 6.21 ± 1.15 (PLA) (p=.51) during catheterization, 2.70 ± 1.21 (SUC) vs. 2.26 ± 1.41 (PLA) at 1 min (p=.64) and 0.66 ± 1.32 (SUC) vs. 1.26 ± 1.00 (PLA) at 3 mins (p=.38). For the NIPS scores, it was 4.27 ± 1.06 (SUC) vs. 4.69 ± 0.92 (PLA) (p=.56) during procedure, 2.05 ± 0.91 (SUC) vs. 1.97 ± 1.19 (PLA) (p=.92) at 1 min and 0.49 ± 0.89 (SUC) vs. 0.89 ± 0.97 (PLA) (p=.54) at 3 mins. The difference in the mean crying time was not different between both groups: 99 ± 34 secs (SUC) vs. 100 ± 25 (PLA) (p=.99). No significant difference was found in participants’ heart rate variations during procedure 23 ± 8 BPM (SUC) vs. 26 ± 7 (PLA) (p=.60), after 1 min 19 ± 12 BPM (SUC) vs. 17 ± 7 (PLA) (p=.76) and after 3 mins -1 ± 12 BPM (SUC) vs. 3 ± 6 (PLA) (p=.53). Conclusion: In infants 1 to 3 months of age undergoing urethral catheterization in the ED, administration of an oral sweet solution did not statistically decrease pain scores as measured by the FLACC and NIPS scales. Participants’ heart rate variations and crying time were not significantly decreased when sucrose was provided.

scholarly journals The Effect of Pain Training Before Thoracotomy Operation on Postoperative Pain Levels

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emel Gündüz ◽  
Hakan Keskin
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Postoperative Pain ◽  
Pain Scale ◽  
Pain Scores ◽  
Extubation Time ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The World ◽  
The Hours ◽  
Vas Scores

INTRODUCTION: Postoperative pain is a condition that patients frequently complain about all over the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pain training before elective thoracotomy on postoperative pain levels in patients. METHODS: 100 patients who underwent thoracotomy for any reason were included in the study. Patients were given a 20-30-minute training on postoperative pain and how the pain is controlled, and what the patient can do to minimize the pain 24-48 hours before thoracotomy. The patients were divided into two groups; those that were trained and those that were not trained. Extubation time was accepted as baseline (0 hour). At the hours of 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24, patients were asked about their pain on the visual pain scale (VAS). Respiratory rate, blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygen saturation levels were recorded at the hours. RESULTS: When VAS scores were compared between the two groups, no significant difference was found in the values measured at the 4th hour whereas there was a significant difference between the subsequent values. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that pain training before thoracotomy operation gradually decreased postoperative VAS pain scores in patients.

scholarly journals Comparison of Visual Analog Pain Score Reported to Physician vs. Nurse, Part II

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 2473011418S0033
Author(s):  
Kevin Martin ◽  
Trevor McBride ◽  
Jeffrey Wake ◽  
Jeffrey Van Buren ◽  
Cuyler Dewar
Keyword(s):  
Pain Score ◽  
Nursing Staff ◽  
Patient Reported Outcome Measures ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Surgical Patients ◽  
Vas Score ◽  
Pain Scores ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
The Mean

Category: Ankle Introduction/Purpose: Patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) are taking a more prominent role in Orthopedics as researchers and health care networks seek to define treatment outcomes. However, interpretation and clinical applications of PROMs are still under investigation. The visual analogue scale (VAS) is considered a reliable and validated measure of acute pain. In a previous study, it was found that in surgical candidates the VAS pain score was significantly higher when reporting to the surgeon as opposed to the nurse. The aim of this current study is to examine whether this phenomenon occurs in patients that do not ultimately go on to have a surgical procedure. We hypothesize that there will be no difference in patient reporting to the surgeon versus the nursing staff. Methods: This study is a retrospective cohort of 201 consecutive non-surgical foot and ankle patients treated by a single surgeon. The patients were asked to rate their pain intensity by the nursing staff and then by the surgeon using a standard horizontal VAS 0 to 10, from “no pain” to worst pain.” Differences in reported pain levels were analyzed. Results: The mean VAS score reported to the nurse was 3.2 whereas the mean VAS score reported to the Surgeon was 4.2 (p<.001). Contrary to our hypothesis, there was a statistically significant difference in pain scores reported to the surgeon compared to the nurse. We then analyzed the mean difference of pain scores reported to surgeon and nurse for surgical versus non-surgical patients. The mean difference in VAS scores reported to physician and nurse for surgical patients was 2.87 whereas the mean difference for non-surgical patients was 1.00 (p < .001). Conclusion: The current study found statistically significant differences between VAS pain scores reported to the surgeon versus the nurse in non-surgical patients. These results support the trend found in our previous study which demonstrated discrepancies in patient pain reporting, with surgical patients reporting significantly higher pain scores to the surgeon versus the nurse. However, the mean difference between reported pain scores, to the providers, is significantly higher for surgical patients as compared to non-surgical patients. The cause of this phenomenon remains unclear, however, this study provides more information regarding patient reported VAS pain scores in an outpatient clinical setting.

scholarly journals Corneal Biomechanical Parameters and Central Corneal Thickness in Glaucoma Patients, Glaucoma Suspects, and a Healthy Population

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2637
Author(s):  
Mª. Ángeles del Buey-Sayas ◽  
Elena Lanchares-Sancho ◽  
Pilar Campins-Falcó ◽  
María Dolores Pinazo-Durán ◽  
Cristina Peris-Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Central Corneal Thickness ◽  
Corneal Thickness ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Population ◽  
Diagnostic Categories ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Biomechanical Parameters ◽  
The Mean

Purpose: To evaluate and compare corneal hysteresis (CH), corneal resistance factor (CRF), and central corneal thickness (CCT), measurements were taken between a healthy population (controls), patients diagnosed with glaucoma (DG), and glaucoma suspect patients due to ocular hypertension (OHT), family history of glaucoma (FHG), or glaucoma-like optic discs (GLD). Additionally, Goldmann-correlated intraocular pressure (IOPg) and corneal-compensated IOP (IOPcc) were compared between the different groups of patients. Methods: In this prospective analytical-observational study, a total of 1065 patients (one eye of each) were recruited to undergo Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA) testing, ultrasound pachymetry, and clinical examination. Corneal biomechanical parameters (CH, CRF), CCT, IOPg, and IOPcc were measured in the control group (n = 574) and the other groups: DG (n = 147), FHG (n = 78), GLD (n = 90), and OHT (n = 176). We performed a variance analysis (ANOVA) for all the dependent variables according to the different diagnostic categories with multiple comparisons to identify the differences between the diagnostic categories, deeming p < 0.05 as statistically significant. Results: The mean CH in the DG group (9.69 mmHg) was significantly lower compared to controls (10.75 mmHg; mean difference 1.05, p < 0.001), FHG (10.70 mmHg; mean difference 1.00, p < 0.05), GLD (10.63 mmHg; mean difference 0.93, p < 0.05) and OHT (10.54 mmHg; mean difference 0.84, p < 0.05). No glaucoma suspects (FHG, GLD, OHT groups) presented significant differences between themselves and the control group (p = 1.00). No statistically significant differences were found in the mean CRF between DG (11.18 mmHg) and the control group (10.75 mmHg; mean difference 0.42, p = 0.40). The FHG and OHT groups showed significantly higher mean CRF values (12.32 and 12.41 mmHg, respectively) than the DG group (11.18 mmHg), with mean differences of 1.13 (p < 0.05) and 1.22 (p < 0.001), respectively. No statistically significant differences were found in CCT in the analysis between DG (562 μ) and the other groups (control = 556 μ, FHG = 576 μ, GLD = 569 μ, OHT = 570 μ). The means of IOPg and IOPcc values were higher in the DG patient and suspect groups than in the control group, with statistically significant differences in all groups (p < 0.001). Conclusion: This study presents corneal biomechanical values (CH, CRF), CCT, IOPg, and IOPcc for diagnosed glaucoma patients, three suspected glaucoma groups, and a healthy population, using the ORA. Mean CH values were markedly lower in the DG group (diagnosed with glaucoma damage) compared to the other groups. No significant difference was found in CCT between the DG and control groups. Unexpectedly, CRF showed higher values in all groups than in the control group, but the difference was only statistically significant in the suspect groups (FHG, GLD, and OHT), not in the DG group.

TO COMPARE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF NEBULISATION WITH ADRENALINE, 3% HYPERTONIC SALINE AND NORMAL SALINE IN BRONCHIOLITIS IN CHILDREN OF 2 TO 24 MONTHS OF AGE BASED ON CLINICAL SEVERITY SCORE AND NEBULISATION FREQUENCY.

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Priyanka Jain ◽  
Rakesh Jain
Keyword(s):  
Hypertonic Saline ◽  
Normal Saline ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Clinical Severity ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
P Value ◽  
College Hospital ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

Background & Method: We conducted a double blinded study at Index Medical College Hospital & Research Centre, Indore. The sample size was determined to be minimum of 120 cases as based upon previous years admission due to acute bronchiolitis. Initially, 146 cases were included in the study out of which 23 cases dropped out of the study after giving consent by guardian for participation in the study as they left against medical advice from the hospital. Result: The mean difference of CSS between 0 minutes to 60 minutes of nebulisation between groups in all cases was 0.4 ± 0.6, between 60 minutes and 4 hours was 0.8 ± 0.6, between 4 to 8 hours was 0.7 ± 0.6, between 8-12 hours was 0.6 ± 0.4, between 12-24 hours was 1.6 ± 0.9 and between 24-48 hours was 1.9 ± 0.9.The mean values and resultant p-value of ANOVA of various nebulising agents used for improvement in CSS shows significant association between various nebulising agents used along with improvement in CSS at the end of assessment at 48 hours of treatment. Conclusion: This study was conducted to establish the efficacy of each nebulisation agent (i.e.  adrenaline, 3% hypertonic saline and normal saline) currently used and compare the outcomes as there is not enough evidence amongst Indian population on level of efficacy of each drug in causing improvement in symptoms and signs in various severities of bronchiolitis in early childhood. Comparison of significant improvement in mean difference in CSS at various intervals in all cases compared between groups by post hoc test revealed non-significant difference (p-value 0.700) between 3% hypertonic saline and normal saline. Keywords: nebulisation, adrenaline, bronchiolitis & clinical.

Effect of smoking on cardiovascular autonomic functions

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 3780-3784
Author(s):  
P.Vani ◽  
◽  
Sharan B Singh M ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Autonomic Function ◽  
T Test ◽  
Resting Heart Rate ◽  
Autonomic Functions ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Function Tests ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

Introduction: Cigarette smoking is a prime risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Chronic smoking results in autonomic dysfunction leading to increased cardiovascular risk in smokers. The present study was planned to study the effect of smoking on the Cardiovascular Autonomic Functions among smokers. Materials and Methods: Fifty male subjects who were in the age group of 25 to 45 years. They were grouped into 25 smokers and 25 non-smokers. The participant subjects were selected among the staff members, residents and the patients from the routine OPD in SVIMS. Prior to study, they were informed about the procedure and the purpose of the study tests and written consents were obtained from them. The Cardiovascular Autonomic Function Tests were assessed by using a POLYGRAPH which was available in the department. Results and Conclusion: After applying the ‘t’-test for the difference between the two sample means, it was observed that there was a highly significant difference between the mean values of the BMI(i.e.p<0.01) and the para-sympathetic function tests among the smokers and the non – smokers(i.e.p<0.00). The Resting Heart Rate had significantly increased and the Deep breathing difference, the postural tachycardial index (Response to standing) and the Valsalva Ratio had significantly decreased in the smokers as compared to those in the non – smokers. After applying the ‘t’-test for the difference between the two sample means, it was observed that there was no significant difference between the mean values of the Postural hypotension test (i.e. p>0.05) and that there was a highly significant difference between the mean values of the Sustained handgrip test in the smokers and the non – smokers (i.e. p<0.00). KEY WORDS: Cardiovascular autonomic function tests, Smoking, Resting heart rate.

scholarly journals DAILY JOURNAL WRITING TO ENHANCE STUDENT'S WRITING SKILLS

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-35
Author(s):  
Ester Eveline Sihite ◽  
Debora Chaterin Simanjuntak
Keyword(s):  
Standard Error ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Journal Writing ◽  
Writing Skills ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Experimental Group

This study aims to enhance students’ writing skills through Daily Journal writing. This research was divided into three steps: giving pre-test, giving treatment (writing daily journal), and giving posttest. The result showed significant difference between control and experimental group. Experimental participants was improved through the writing of daily journal, and the score gained by participants showed that there was a significant effect on students’ writing skills. The achievements showed that the mean difference of post-test scores between the two groups was -.45433 and for the standard error mean was .03840 with pValue .050 (see Table 3), means that Ha is accepted and Ho is not accepted. It means, writing daily journal is strong enough to improve the students’ writing skills. Keywords: Journal Writing, Writing Skills, Daily Journal Variations

scholarly journals Difference of Procalcitonin Levels in Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacterial Sepsis Patients of Indonesia Army Central Hospital Gatot Soebroto in 2016

2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Nindy Handayani ◽  
Soroy Lardo ◽  
Nunuk Nugrohowati
Keyword(s):  
Mean Difference ◽  
P Value ◽  
Central Hospital ◽  
Bacterial Sepsis ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

Introduction: Procalcitonin is known as a marker of infection and indicator for severity of infections. In sepsis, elevated procalcitonin levels in blood have a significant value that can be used as a sepsis biomarker. The aim of this study was to determine the mean difference of procalcitonin levels in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial sepsis patients.Methods: This study used quantitative method with cross sectional approach. The sample of this study were bacterial sepsis patients of Indonesia Army Central Hospital Gatot Soebroto in 2016 which were divided into two groups: Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial sepsis patients with the number of each group was 30 samples. The data were analyzed by using independent t test.Results: This study showed that mean levels of procalcitonin in Gram-positive bacterial sepsis patients was 6.47 ng/ml and Gram-negative was 66.04 ng/ml. There was a significant difference between mean levels of procalcitonin in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial sepsis patients of Indonesia Army Central Hospital Gatot Soebroto in 2016 with p value = 0.000 (p < 0.05).Conclusion: The mean difference of procalcitonin levels in Gram-negative bacterial sepsis patients were higher than Gram-positive bacterial sepsis patients, because Gram-negative bacteria have lipopolysaccharide which is a strong immunostimulator and increases TNF-α production higher than Gram-positive bacteria. 

Evaluation of infrared technology to detect category I and suspected deep tissue injury in hospitalised patients

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (Sup12) ◽  
pp. S9-S16
Author(s):  
Fazila Abu Bakar Aloweni ◽  
Shin Yuh Ang ◽  
Yee Yee Chang ◽  
Xin Ping Ng ◽  
Kai Yunn Teo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Infrared Thermography ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Deep Tissue ◽  
Thermal Images ◽  
Deep Tissue Injury ◽  
Hospitalised Patients ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

Objective: To evaluate the use of an infrared thermography device in assessing skin temperature among category I pressure ulcer (PU) and/or suspected deep tissue injuries (SDTI) with intact skin. Methods: An observational cross-sectional study design was used. Adult inpatients (cases) who had a category I PU or suspected deep tissue injury (skin intact) on the sacral or heel during the study period (March to April 2018) were recruited. Patients without a PU were also recruited to act as control. Thermal images of the patient's PU site and non-PU site were taken within 24 hours of PU occurrence. Thermal images of the control patients (no PU) were also taken. Each PU case was matched to three control patients in terms of age, gender, race and anatomical sites. All thermal images were taken using a portable CAT S60 Thermal Imaging Rugged Smartphone (Caterpillar Inc., US) that provided readings of the skin temperature in degrees Celsius. Results: A total of 17 cases and 51 controls were recruited. Among the cases, the mean difference in skin temperature between the PU site (mean: 31.14°C; standard deviation [SD]: 1.54) and control site within the cases (mean: 28.93°C; SD: 3.47) was significant (difference: 2.21±3.66°C; p=0·024). When comparing between all cases and controls, the mean temperature difference was non-significant. When comparing between the category I PU and suspected deep pressure injury cases, the mean difference was also non-significant. Conclusion: Using infrared thermography technology at the bedside to measure skin temperature will support the clinical diagnosis of patients with skin types I to III. However, there is a need for a more accurate and objective measurement to identify and diagnose early category I PU or suspected deep tissue injury in adult patients with darker skin types 4 and above, enabling early initiation of preventive measures in the hospital acute care setting.

Does meloxicam provide adequate pain management as a post-operative analgesic in canine ovariohysterectomy patients?

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 192-197
Author(s):  
Gavin Goldsbrough ◽  
Helen Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Pain Management ◽  
Pain Score ◽  
Pain Scale ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Post Surgery ◽  
Pain Scores ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Time Frames ◽  
Adequate Pain Management

Background: Meloxicam is an analgesic agent with anti-inflammatory properties, commonly used in veterinary practices to treat a variety of different long-term medical conditions and is also used as a short-term pain relief following particularly traumatic surgeries. Aims: An observational study was conducted to determine whether meloxicam provides adequate pain management as a post-operative analgesic for canine ovariohysterectomies. Methods: 13 canines were admitted for ovariohysterectomy. Each patient was assessed using the Glasgow composite pain scale (CMPS) prior to surgery during the admission procedure, 15 minutes post-operatively, at discharge and at their post-operative check (POC) 3–5 days after surgery. Results: Data were statistically analysed to determine the overall effectiveness of meloxicam in reducing pain following canine ovariohysterectomy. The results showed a statistically significant difference (Kruskal-Wallis test: H3 =12.98, p=0.005) in pain scores between admission, 15 minutes post operatively, discharge and 3–5 days POC. The greatest decrease in pain score was between 15 minutes post-operatively and POC (Mann-Whitney U test: W=236, n=13, 13, p=0.0014) and between discharge and POC (Mann-Whitney U test: W=227, n=13, 13, p=0.0060). Overall, this demonstrated that there was an improvement in pain suggesting meloxicam is effective between these time frames. In addition, 69.2% (n=9) of patients in the study showed a pain score of 0, indicating an absence of pain, on their final POC. Statistical analysis was also used to determine if there was any difference in pain score between the 3, 4 or 5 day POC pain score. The results show there was no significant difference (Kruskal-Wallis test: H2 =0.090, p=0.638) suggesting that meloxicam's effectiveness was similar across this range of time post surgery. Conclusion: The results from the study indicate that meloxicam is an effective post-operative analgesic for canine patients undergoing an ovariohysterectomy.

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