scholarly journals From under the elbow to pointing to the palm: Chinese metaphors for learning medicine by the book (fourth–fourteenth centuries)

BJHS Themes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 75-92
Author(s):  
Marta Hanson
Keyword(s):  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Early Medieval Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
Longue Duree ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Medical Manuscripts ◽  
Medical Books

AbstractThis article focuses on transformations in the main metaphors in ancient to late medieval titles of Chinese medical books used to convey to potential readers their ‘learning-by-the-book’ contents. It finds that in contrast to the European preference for hand metaphors in the genre terms – enchiridions, manuals and handbooks – the Chinese medical archive preserves bodily metaphors within which the hand metaphor appears only rarely in the early medieval period and is then superseded by metaphors that rely on the fingers and palms more than the hands per se. This longue durée survey from roughly the fourth to the fourteenth centuries of the wide-ranging metaphors for ‘handy medical books’ places their historical emergence and transformation within the history of Chinese medical manuscripts and printed texts. Metaphors in medical titles conveyed to potential readers at the time significant textual innovations in how medical knowledge would be presented to them. For later historians, they provide evidence of profound changes in managing an increasingly complex and expanding archive of Chinese medical manuscripts and printed texts. Innovations in textual reorganization intended to facilitate ‘learning by the book’ were often creatively captured in an illuminating range of genre distinctions, descriptors and metaphors.

scholarly journals A Thousand Times Do it: Historical European Martial Arts and the Cultural Record

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-34
Author(s):  
David Lichty
Keyword(s):  
Martial Arts ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Cultural Knowledge ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Early Medieval Period ◽  
Late Medieval Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
Physical Information

The following paper explores how intangible cultural knowledge is represented in the cultural record as information made known through physical objects. It seeks to prove that the preservation of intangible knowledge requires the continued practice of that knowledge as well as the creation of physical information. I believe that a study of European martial arts will demonstrate this. This paper will cover the history of historical European martial arts manuscripts in the early medieval period, relevant advances in manuscript making in the late medieval period, and the current revitalization of historical European martial arts. The paper will describe how communities of practitioners dedicated to recording guidelines for what can only be realized in practice and which is intangible knowledge, employ new technologies, ideas and metadata in creating a cultural record.

‘Emigrants’ and ‘Exiles’: migration in the early Irish and Scottish church

2007 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-155
Author(s):  
Brian Lambkin
Keyword(s):  
Forced Migration ◽  
Early History ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Central Theme ◽  
Migration Studies ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Early Medieval Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
Irish Migrants

A central theme in both Irish and Scottish migration studies is the distinction between voluntary and forced migration, which is highlighted in the titles of major books in the field by the contrasting terms ‘emigrants’, or ‘adventurers’, and ‘exiles’.1 However, it has received relatively little attention with regard to the medieval period.2 Migration was central to the process by which the early Irish Church established itself in Scotland, most notably on Iona, in the sixth century. This article is concerned mainly with migration between Ireland and Scotland as evidenced by Adomnán's Life of Columba – ‘a source of the first importance for the early history of Ireland and Scotland’.3 In particular it is concerned with how the distinction between ‘emigrants’ and ‘exiles’ was understood, in both secular and sacred contexts, and it finds that in the early medieval period, c.300–800, as distinct from later periods, Irish migrants to Scotland and Irish and Scottish migrants further afield were thought of less as ‘exiles’ than as ‘emigrants’ or ‘adventurers’

scholarly journals SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY IN THE WESTERN CASPIAN REGION IN CONFRONTATION WITH ZOROASTRISM IN THE IV-VTH CENTURIES

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
М.Т. Гаджимурадов
Keyword(s):  
Caspian Region ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Contact Zones ◽  
Early Medieval Period ◽  
History Of

Статья посвящена истории проникновения и распространения христианства в одной из так называемых контактных зон , а именно в Западном Прикапии в раннесредневековый период. Показана степень противостояния в данном регионе ведущих держав того периода Ирана эпохи династии Сасанидов и Византии периода династий Валентинов и Львов, а также их имперских религий зороастризма и христианства соответственно. Проблема распространения христианства в регионе рассматривается в трех аспектах: геополитическом, идеологическом и военном. Особое внимание уделено изучению деятельности первых христианских миссионеров и ведомых ими общин, которым пришлось пройти через тяжелейшие трудности в борьбе за свою веру. The article is devoted to the history of the penetration and spread of Christianity in one of the socalled contact zones , namely in the Western Caspian region in the early medieval period. The paper also describes the intensity of confrontation in this region between leading powers of the period the Iran of the Sassanid and Byzantine dynasty of the period of the Valentinian and Leonid dynasties, as well as between their imperial religions Zoroastrianism and Christianity, respectively. The problem of the spread of Christianity in the region is considered in three aspects: geo-political, ideological and military. Particular attention is paid to the activities of the first Christian missionaries and the communities they led, as they had to go through terrible hardships in the struggle for their faith.

Inchinnan 5

2019 ◽  
Vol 148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan Kasten
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Digital Analysis ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Early Medieval Period ◽  
Community Project ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Decorative Motifs ◽  
Three Dimensional Models

The site of All Hallows Church in Inchinnan, Renfrewshire, had its foundations in the early medieval period, an interpretation supported by the identification of four carved stones from the site that date between the 9th and 11th centuries ad. Thanks to a recent community project ‘597 ad St Conval to All Hallows: 1420 Years and Counting’, led by Heather James of Calluna Archaeology and the members of the Inchinnan Historical Interest Group with Spectrum Heritage, a fifth carved stone has been discovered. Inspection of the photogrammetric three-dimensional models and the Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) files of the late medieval recumbent monuments at the site, produced by Spectrum Heritage, revealed that one worn specimen was originally an early medieval recumbent cross slab conforming to the ‘Govan School’ of carving. After identifying the remnants of carving and applying a novel digital analysis technique, it was possible to recover and identify many of the worn decorative motifs from Inchinnan 5. This reconstruction allows for Inchinnan 5 to be compared with other stones from the Govan School, especially those found at Govan and St Blane’s, Bute.

scholarly journals Bronze Age to Medieval vegetation dynamics and landscape anthropization in the central pre-Pyrenees

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentí Rull ◽  
Teresa Vegas-Vilarrúbia ◽  
Juan Pablo Corella ◽  
Blas Lorenzo Valero-Garcés
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Human Pressure ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Early Medieval Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
Original Vegetation ◽  
Landscape Transformations

The varved sediments of Lake Montcortès (central Pre-Pyrenees) have provided a continuous high-resolution record of the last ca. 3000 years. Previous chronological and sedimentological studies of this record have furnished detailed paleoenvironmental reconstructions. However, palynological studies are only available for the last millennium, when the landscape around the lake had already been transformed by humans. Therefore, the primeval vegetation of Montcortès and the history of its anthropogenic transformations remains unknown. This paper presents a palynological analysis of the interval between the Late Bronze Age and the Early Medieval period, aimed at recording the preanthropic conditions, the anthropization onset and the further landscape transformations. During the Late Bronze Age (ca. 1100 BCE to 770 BCE), the vegetation did not show any evidence of human impact. The decisive anthropogenic transformation of the Montcortès catchment vegetation and landscape started at the beginning of the Iron Age (770 BCE) and continued during Roman and Medieval times in the form of recurrent burning, grazing, cultivation, silviculture and hemp retting. Some intervals of lower human pressure were recorded, but the original vegetation never returned. The anthropization that took place during the Iron Age did not cause relevant changes in the sediment yield to the lake, but a significant limnological shift occurred, as manifested in the initiation of varve formation, a process that has been continuous until today. Climatic shifts seem to have played a secondary role in influencing vegetation and landscape changes. These results contrast with previous inferences of low anthropogenic impact until the Medieval Period, at a regional level. It could be interesting to verify whether the same pattern – i.e., Iron Age anthropization and Early Medieval intensification of human pressure – may be a recurrent pattern for mid-elevation Pyrenean landscapes below the tree line.

scholarly journals Bronze Age to Medieval vegetation dynamics and landscape anthropization in the central pre-Pyrenees 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentí Rull ◽  
Teresa Vegas-Vilarrúbia ◽  
Juan Pablo Corella ◽  
Blas Valero-Garcé
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Human Pressure ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Early Medieval Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
Original Vegetation ◽  
Landscape Transformations

Abstract The varved sediments of Lake Montcortès (central Pre-Pyrenees) have provided a continuous high-resolution record of the last ca. 3000 years. Previous chronological and sedimentological studies of this record have furnished detailed paleoenvironmental reconstructions. However, palynological studies are only available for the last millennium, when the landscape around the lake had already been transformed by humans. Therefore, the primeval vegetation of Montcortès and the history of its anthropogenic transformations remains unknown. This paper presents a palynological analysis of the interval between the Late Bronze Age and the Early Medieval period, aimed at recording the preanthropic conditions, the anthropization onset and the further landscape transformations. During the Late Bronze Age (ca. 1100 BCE to 770 BCE), the vegetation did not show any evidence of human impact. The decisive anthropogenic transformation of the Montcortès catchment vegetation and landscape started at the beginning of the Iron Age (770 BCE) and continued during Roman and Medieval times in the form of recurrent burning, grazing, cultivation, silviculture and hemp retting. Some intervals of lower human pressure were recorded, but the original vegetation never returned. The anthropization that took place during the Iron Age did not cause relevant changes in the sediment yield to the lake, but a significant limnological shift occurred, as manifested in the initiation of varve formation, a process that has been continuous until today. Climatic shifts seem to have played a secondary role in influencing vegetation and landscape changes. These results contrast with previous inferences of low anthropogenic impact until the Medieval Period, at a regional level. It could be interesting to verify whether the same pattern – i.e., Iron Age anthropization and Early Medieval intensification of human pressure – may be a recurrent pattern for mid-elevation Pyrenean landscapes below the tree line.

scholarly journals Early medieval religious-memorial monuments of gadabay region of Azerbaijan

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 92-103
Author(s):  
Eldar Mehdiyev
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
Early Medieval Period ◽  
Historical Monuments ◽  
History Of ◽  
Private Collections ◽  
Comparative Manner

Gadabay situated at the western part of Azerbaijan Republic. There are many early medieval Christian temples, churches and monasteries which concern to Caucasian Albania in Gadabay region. This article is dedicated to early medieval temples and religious monuments of Caucasian Albania in Gadabay. It was researched Gadabay temple, Chaldash, Chanakhchi, Girdiman (Pir Javanshir), Agh kilse (White church), Ayrivang temples and Hamshivang monastery in last decade. These historical monuments established during early medieval period of Caucasian Albania. Early medievalreligious situation of the country was largely studied by Azerbaijani Albanian scholars. As it is known from the sources, in the early Middle Ages the religious situation in Albania as a whole was extremely complicated. Thus, idolatry persisted, and Christianity and Zoroastrianism struggled to spread. There was a fierce struggle between their ideologues and supporters. The defense of Zoroastrianism by the Sassanids and Christianity by the Romans and then the Byzantines by all means that the inter-religious struggle went beyond the borders of the country.When thinking about the structure of the society that existed in the Gadabay region in the early Middle Ages, it would be more correct to refer directly to sources on the history of Albania. The study of early medieval archeological monuments of Gadabay region used ancient and medieval sources, materials of historical, archeological and ethnographic researches carried out in various monuments, samples of material culture kept in museums, funds and private collections. As it is known, the works of Strabo, Plolemy, Kirokos Ganjali and especially the Albanian historian M. Kalankatuklu provide very valuable information about the history of Albania. Of course, the study of all this in relation to archeological materials and in a comparative manner is great scientific importance.M. Kalankatuklu states that during the reign of the Albanian Tsar Arsvagen and Prince Khurs of Girdiman, "there are still pagans left in Girdiman". At that time, Christianity was already widespread in the country.

scholarly journals Chrystianizacja Anglii według Historia ecclesiastica gentis Angelorum Bedy Czcigodnego

2020 ◽  
pp. 7-21
Author(s):  
Dorota Kołodziejczyk
Keyword(s):  
Main Part ◽  
Historical Records ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Early Medieval Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historia Ecclesiastica ◽  
The Moment

Bede Venerable from Northumbria belongs to the group of the most prolific writers of the early medieval period. This Benedictine friar from Britain became famous thanks to his chronicle: Historia ecclesiastica gentis Angelorum, dedicated to the history of his motherland since the moment of Gaius Julius Caesar’s arrival until the year 731. Thanks to this chronicle, but also his other historical records concerning, e.g. Benedictine abbots, Bede Venerable owes his name of ‘the father of English historiography’. The issue of the Christianisation of Britain, connected with the continuous sending of missionaries on the British territory, creates the main part of this chronicle. This article is an attempt, undertaken with a certain amount of timidity, to outline the  history of the introduction and renewal of Christianity in Britain based only on the chronicle written by Bede Venerable.

Šaňkara versus Sāňkhya:A Competition for the Vedic Heritage and Logical Rationality. Šaňkara, Brahmasûtrabhāṣya II.2.1–10, Trans. by Vladimir K. Shokhin

2021 ◽  
pp. 125-144
Author(s):  
Vladimir K. Shokhin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
Conceptual Spaces ◽  
Advaita Vedānta ◽  
Advaita Vedanta ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Early Medieval Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
Magnum Opus

The article deals with the controversy between Advaita-Vedānta and Sāňkhya, two most influential Brāhmanic systems of the early medieval period where­from the first with Šaňkarācharya (7th – 8th centuries A.D.) at the head em­barked on the successful сonquest of the Indian philosophical space while the second one began to surrender. While scrutinizing the controversial sections of Šaňkara’s magnum opus, the Brahmasûtrabhāṣya one can discern two theatres of this war, i.e. his attempts to disavow the Sāňkhyas’ demands both for some conceptual spaces of the Upanişads and coherency of their system whichcombined features of very specific naturalistic evolutionism and dualism.The author of the paper concludes with the upshot that Šaňkara has failed to demonstrate the absence of the Sāňkhya nomenclature in the middle Upanişads but succeeded in disproving consistency of its naturalism and dualism, while the Sāňkhyas, in turn, managed to detect difficulties in the compatibility of the Advaitists’ soteriological programm and their ontological doctrine of the ab­solute monism. In his opinion, the outcomes of this opposition can arise atten­tion of not only those dealing with the history of philosophy but are claimed by today’s philosophical reflexion as well.

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