Parenting Style, Parental Adjustment, and Co-Parental Conflict: Differential Predictors of Child Psychosocial Adjustment Following Divorce

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen M. Stallman ◽  
Jeneva L. Ohan
Keyword(s):  
Parenting Style ◽  
Psychosocial Adjustment ◽  
Child Outcomes ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Parental Conflict ◽  
Parental Distress ◽  
Differential Impact ◽  
Parent Adjustment ◽  
Parent Conflict ◽  
Prosocial Behaviours

Parents’ adjustment, co-parenting conflict, and parenting style are often intervention targets for parents following divorce. However, little is known about how these three aspects together relate to child outcomes. The aim of this study was to examine how parent adjustment (distress and anger), parenting conflict, and parenting style (laxness and over-reactivity) predict child internalising, externalising, and prosocial behaviours. Participants were a community sample of 109 divorced parents with a child aged 4–17 years. Results showed that increased parental distress and co-parent conflict predicted increased child emotional and behavioural problems; and increased lax parenting also predicted increased externalising behaviour problems. However, greater prosocial behaviour was predicted only by lower lax parenting. The results highlight the differential impact of parenting factors on child outcomes following divorce and have implications for the content and tailoring of interventions for divorced parents.

scholarly journals The role of environmental sensitivity in the development of rumination and depressive symptoms in childhood: a longitudinal study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Lionetti ◽  
Daniel N. Klein ◽  
Massimiliano Pastore ◽  
Elaine N. Aron ◽  
Arthur Aron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Parenting Style ◽  
Middle Childhood ◽  
Internalizing Problems ◽  
Depressive Symptomatology ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Environmental Sensitivity ◽  
Permissive Parenting

AbstractSome children are more affected than others by their upbringing due to their increased sensitivity to the environment. More sensitive children are at heightened risk for the development of internalizing problems, particularly when experiencing unsupportive parenting. However, little is known about how the interplay between children’s sensitivity and parenting leads to higher levels of depressive symptoms. In the current study, we investigated the interaction between early parenting and children’s sensitivity on levels of depressive symptomatology in middle childhood, exploring the role of rumination as a possible mediator in a community sample. Participants included 196 USA resident families, from a middle class and mostly European–American background, and their healthy children, followed up from age 3 until 9 and 12 years. Environmental sensitivity was assessed observationally when children were 3 years old. Parenting style was based on parent-report at the age of 3 years. When children were nine, they completed questionnaires on rumination and depressive symptoms (repeated at 12 years). Analyses were run applying a Bayesian approach. Children’s sensitivity interacted with permissive parenting in predicting rumination at age 9. Rumination, in turn, was associated with depressive symptoms at age 9 and, to a lesser extent, at age 12. No relevant interactions emerged for authoritative and authoritarian parenting. Sensitive children may be at heightened risk for internalizing problems when exposed to a permissive parenting style. Permissive parenting was associated with increased ruminative coping strategies in sensitive children which, in turn, predicted higher levels of depression. Hence, rumination emerged as an important cognitive risk factor for the development of depressive symptoms in sensitive children.

Emerging Adult Perceptions of and Preferences for Parenting Styles and Associated Psychological Outcomes

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (9) ◽  
pp. 2491-2504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cliff McKinney ◽  
Janet W. Kwan
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Parenting Style ◽  
Parenting Styles ◽  
Child Outcomes ◽  
Emerging Adult ◽  
Risky Behaviors ◽  
Psychological Problems ◽  
Child Gender ◽  
Perceived Parenting ◽  
Gender Dyads

Research suggests that child perception of parenting styles may strongly influence child outcomes and parents must balance support and structure based on their emerging adult children’s changing needs. The current study examined emerging adult perceptions of parenting style in comparison with their preferences and how these characteristics interact to predict psychological problems. Significant interactions between preferred and perceived parenting style were found, several of which were further moderated by gender. Results suggest that emerging adults prefer parenting styles that grant autonomy, and males reported lower psychological problems when they also perceived such a parenting style, whereas females reported higher psychological problems. This may suggest that females experience more risky behaviors while at college when granted autonomy relative to males, thus accounting for their higher psychological problems. The current study emphasizes the ongoing impact of parental influences on emerging adult outcomes and that children’s preferences and perceptions influence parent–child gender dyads.

scholarly journals Observed positive parenting behaviors and youth genotype: Evidence for gene–environment correlations and moderation by parent personality traits

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline W. Oppenheimer ◽  
Benjamin L. Hankin ◽  
Jessica L. Jenness ◽  
Jami F. Young ◽  
Andrew Smolen
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Child Outcomes ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Parenting Behaviors ◽  
Positive Parenting ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Gene Environment ◽  
Parent Personality

AbstractGene–environment correlations (rGE) have been demonstrated in behavioral genetic studies, but rGE have proven elusive in molecular genetic research. Significant gene–environment correlations may be difficult to detect because potential moderators could reduce correlations between measured genetic variants and the environment. Molecular genetic studies investigating moderated rGE are lacking. This study examined associations between child catechol-O-methyltransferase genotype and aspects of positive parenting (responsiveness and warmth), and whether these associations were moderated by parental personality traits (neuroticism and extraversion) among a general community sample of third, sixth, and ninth graders (N = 263) and their parents. Results showed that parent personality traits moderated the rGE association between youths' genotype and coded observations of positive parenting. Parents with low levels of neuroticism and high levels of extraversion exhibited greater sensitive responsiveness and warmth, respectively, to youth with the valine/valine genotype. Moreover, youth with this genotype exhibited lower levels of observed anger. There was no association between the catechol-O-methyltransferase genotype and parenting behaviors for parents high on neuroticism and low on extraversion. Findings highlight the importance of considering moderating variables that may influence child genetic effects on the rearing environment. Implications for developmental models of maladaptive and adaptive child outcomes, and interventions for psychopathology, are discussed within a developmental psychopathology framework.

Fractured families, fractured systems: overcoming the silo mentality in family justice work

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-40
Author(s):  
Amita Sehgal
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Child Outcomes ◽  
Parental Conflict ◽  
Family Structures ◽  
Adult Mental Health ◽  
The Family ◽  
Hostile Parenting ◽  
Professional Systems

This article comments on the detrimental effects of inter-parental conflict, hostile parenting, and acrimonious divorce proceedings in terms of child outcomes, adult mental health, and quantifiable costs to the taxpayer. It refers to the growing concern that fragmentation within the family justice system works against supporting families through change. It draws upon the research conducted over many years by Tavistock Relationships in understanding the connection between family structures and professional systems, and suggests inter-agency collaboration as one way of mitigating obstacles. It puts forward the idea of developing cross-discipline consultative groups as a way of integrating services within the family justice system, and presents an example where this model has been informally trialled with some success.

Young Children’s Sleep Problems: The Impact of Parental Distress and Parenting Style

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 2098-2106
Author(s):  
Dione Tyler ◽  
Caroline L. Donovan ◽  
Sarah Scupham ◽  
Amy L. Shiels ◽  
Shelly A. Weaver
Keyword(s):  
Parenting Style ◽  
Sleep Problems ◽  
Parental Distress ◽  
Children’S Sleep ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Relationships between parenting styles and risk behaviors in adolescent health: an integrative literature review

2008 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathy Newman ◽  
Lynda Harrison ◽  
Carol Dashiff ◽  
Susan Davies
Keyword(s):  
Risk Behaviors ◽  
Adolescent Health ◽  
Parenting Style ◽  
Parenting Styles ◽  
Psychosocial Adjustment ◽  
Unintentional Injury ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Adolescent Risk ◽  
Health Promotion Interventions ◽  
Adolescent Relationship

Research over the past 20 years suggests that the quality of the parent-adolescent relationship significantly affects the development of risk behaviors in adolescent health. The purpose of this paper is to present a review of studies published between 1996-2007 that address specific relationships between parenting styles and six priority adolescent risk behaviors. The review supports the substantial influence of parenting style on adolescent development. Adolescents raised in authoritative households consistently demonstrate higher protective and fewer risk behaviors than adolescents from non-authoritative families. There is also considerable evidence to show that parenting styles and behaviors related to warmth, communication and disciplinary practices predict important mediators, including academic achievement and psychosocial adjustment. Careful examination of parenting style patterns in diverse populations, particularly with respect to physical activity and unintentional injury, will be a critical next step in the development of efficacious, culturally tailored adolescent health promotion interventions.

scholarly journals Maternal Emotion Dysregulation and the Functional Organization of Preschoolers’ Emotional Expressions and Regulatory Behaviors

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace Elizabeth Binion ◽  
Maureen Zalewski
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Parenting Practices ◽  
Emotion Dysregulation ◽  
Emotion Socialization ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Child Outcomes ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Functional Relations

While psychopathology in mothers is known to be a significant risk factor for child outcomes, less is known about how emotion dysregulation, a transdiagnostic feature that cuts across many diagnoses, shapes emotion-related parenting practices and the development of emotion regulation in offspring. Building upon previous research that examined the functional relations between emotions and regulatory actions in children, we sought to examine the association of maternal emotion dysregulation and emotion socialization with these functional links in an at risk community sample of mother-preschooler (children ages 36-60 months) dyads which over-sampled for mothers with elevated symptoms of Borderline Personality Disorder (n = 68). We found that maternal emotion dysregulation was associated with children displaying more sadness and engaging in less problem solving during the Locked Box Task, which is designed to elicit anger. Maternal emotion dysregulation was also associated with children being more distracted and talking less in the context of sadness. Maternal non-supportive emotion socialization responses were associated with children engaging in more defiant behaviors throughout the task and using less problem solving in the context of happiness, while maternal supportive emotion socialization responses were associated with more play throughout the task and less talking in the context of sadness, above and beyond the effect of maternal emotion dysregulation. These findings indicate that maternal emotion dysregulation and non-supportive emotion socialization practices are both meaningfully associated with the development of aberrant patterns of emotional and behavioral responding during the preschool years.

Interaction Between Oxytocin Gene Variants and Perceived Parenting in Relation to Social Anxiety in Adolescents: Evidence for Differential Susceptibility Effects

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S72-S72
Author(s):  
S. Olofsdotter ◽  
C. Åslund ◽  
T. Furmark ◽  
E. Comasco ◽  
K. Nilsson
Keyword(s):  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Parenting Style ◽  
Nonlinear Models ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Differential Susceptibility ◽  
Anxiety Symptoms ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Perceived Parenting ◽  
Supportive Parenting ◽  
Susceptibility Effects

IntroductionAdolescence is a period of increasing demands in independent social functioning where parenting style may have an impact on social anxiety. A context-dependent effect of oxytocin on human social behavior has been suggested, however research on the gene coding for oxytocin (OXT) has mostly been reported without considering contextual factors.AimThis study investigated interactions between parenting style and polymorphic variations in the OXT gene in association with social anxiety symptoms in a community sample of adolescents.MethodsThe study group consisted of 1359 adolescents. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms located near OXT, rs4813625 and rs2770378, were genotyped. Social anxiety and perceived parenting style were assessed by behavioral questionnaires.ResultsSignificant joint effects in line with the differential susceptibility framework were observed for rs4813625 with parenting style. The levels of social anxiety among C allele carriers were conditional on the level of supportive parenting style whereas homozygote G carriers’ levels of social anxiety were unaffected by supportive parenting style. The nature of the interactions between rs2770378 and parenting style was in line with the diatheses-stress model. However, associations of rs2770378 and parenting style with social anxiety became nonsignificant in nonlinear models.ConclusionsThe study provides preliminary evidence for a modifying effect of supportive parenting style on the relationship between rs4813625 and social anxiety symptoms in adolescents, independent of sex. The findings may be interpreted from the perspective of the social salience hypotheses of oxytocin, with rs4813625 affecting social anxiety levels along a perceived unsafe–safe social context dimension.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

scholarly journals Parenting Styles and Adjustment in Gifted Children

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vassiliki Pilarinos ◽  
C. R. Solomon
Keyword(s):  
Parenting Styles ◽  
Psychosocial Adjustment ◽  
Social Problems ◽  
Child Outcomes ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Gifted Children ◽  
Intelligence Scale ◽  
Child Conduct Problems ◽  
Child Conduct ◽  
The Relationship

The present study examined the relationship between parenting styles and the psychosocial adjustment of 48 children aged 7 to 11 years, each of whom had been identified as gifted on the basis of a score of 130 or above on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–Fourth Edition. Parenting styles and child psychosocial adjustment were measured using self-report questionnaires. Nineteen of the 48 gifted children in the sample (39.6%) were described by their parents as having peer social problems, descriptions that were not consistent with results obtained from the children and their teachers. Mothers also reported more child conduct problems than did the teachers. No associations were found between parenting styles and social problems with peers. Although the findings supported existing research on fathers’ parenting styles, some of the relationships between mothers’ parenting style and gifted child outcomes were not consistent with previous studies on parenting styles.

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