scholarly journals The Choice of Norms in Courtroom Adjudication in Vietnam: In Search of Legitimacy in a Socialist Regulatory Context

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (01) ◽  
pp. 159-179
Author(s):  
Thi Quang Hong TRAN
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Support ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
Socialist State ◽  
Normative Pluralism ◽  
Legal Centralism

AbstractNotwithstanding its defining feature of normative pluralism, the socialist state of Vietnam basically adopts a legal centralist approach to regulation. The judiciary is arguably the most illustrative of this approach, since it is the main forum where legal centralism encounters normative pluralism. Our research examines the choice of norms in judicial adjudication in Vietnam to check the effectiveness of its legal centralist approach. It finds that, despite lacking institutional support, judges managed to apply customary norms at their discretion against the state’s emphasis on top-down legal rules. A legitimacy-based analysis explains this phenomenon. It points out that judges conceptualized their legitimacy under the influence of both legal and extra-legal rules, thus making it apart from the legality. Judges attempt to bridge the gap between legitimacy and legality enabled de factor normative pluralism. In looking at the influence of customary norms over judicial adjudication, the article aims to make both theoretical and practical contributions. Theoretically, it enriches the scholarship of normative pluralism by showing how legitimacy-building keeps normative pluralism effective, irrespective of the dominating legal centralism. Practically, it proffers insightful implications for the ongoing court reforms in Vietnam based upon the findings.

The Jurisprudence of American Slave Sales

1996 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny B. Wahl
Keyword(s):  
Labor Markets ◽  
Institutional Support ◽  
Employment Law ◽  
Property Value ◽  
Commercial Law ◽  
Free Labor ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
Information Gaps

An analysis of all appellate cases involving slave-sales reveals that southern courts helped minimize the costs of trading in slaves. Slave-sales law also surpassed other contemporaneous commercial law in sophistication. Why? Greater information gaps between slave buyers and sellers called for more complex institutional support. The enormous property value embodied by slaves also led to more litigation, greater need for settled law, and a more even match of power between plaintiff and defendant. Additionally, legal rules surrounding slave sales substituted for the employment law governing free-labor markets.

scholarly journals Autorytarne sterowanie szkołą wyższą jako determinanta zarządzania i finansowania szkolnictwa wyższego w PRL

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 347-358
Author(s):  
Anna Ćwiąkała-Małys ◽  
Małgorzata Durbajło-Mrowiec
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Asset Management ◽  
International Exchange ◽  
Central Control ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Socialist State ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
System Separation ◽  
Political Economic

The article concerns a system of reforms of higher education in Poland in a time of Polish People’s Republic, in 1945–1989, which is adequate to top-down imposed and strictly respected Soviet patterns that were in force in all spheres of political, economic, and cultural life. The authors analyse a system of managing and financing of universities on the basis of legal regulations that indicated a direction, character, and a scope of activities set for universities by communist authorities in order to “build a socialist state and educate new intelligentsia”. The article also considers the issue of central control of university’s activities system separation of education from research bureaucratization and parametrization of all levels of education, top-down employment levels and structuring, closure to international exchange and inefficient financing, and asset management, which in consequence led universities to collapse at the end of 1980s.

scholarly journals Law Lost, Compliance Found: A Frontline Understanding of the Non-linear Nature of Business and Employee Responses to Law

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Na Li ◽  
Benjamin van Rooij
Keyword(s):  
Construction Industry ◽  
Regulatory Compliance ◽  
Worker Safety ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
Safety Protection ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
The Law ◽  
Employee Responses ◽  
Linear Nature

AbstractThis paper seeks to understand the transmission and reception of legal rules as a component of the regulatory compliance process. It adopts a frontline approach (Almond and Gray 2017) to regulatory compliance that traces the grassroot functioning of compliance processes from regulator, to compliance managers to individual employees. Through a multilevel and multi-sited ethnography of worker safety protection in Chinese construction industry, this paper shows that in the cases studied there is a fundamental disconnect in the transmission and reception of law from regulator to organization and within the regulated organization. Yet at the same time, the paper finds that employees did comply with the law, and that thus compliance can exist without a full transmission and reception of legal rules into and within the regulated organization. By expanding the frontline approach to study regulation and compliance to look at the grassroots operation across three different frontlines, this study has been able to assess the legal assumptions inherent in existing regulatory compliance research. Not only does it find that compliance in these cases was not a top-down process and that we need to look at the grassroots operation inside organizations, it also shows that law does not always play a central role in regulatory compliance and that we need to reassess the implicit focus on law in regulatory compliance scholarship.

Practical Implications of Information Practice

2020 ◽  
pp. 212-242
Author(s):  
Jon R. Lindsay
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Management ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Information Age ◽  
Institutional Support ◽  
Irregular Warfare ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Positive Side ◽  
Uncritical Acceptance ◽  
Information Practice ◽  
Practical Implications

This chapter explains that a richer understanding of the microfoundations of military power in the information age has important implications for defense strategy and policy. This book offers both negative correctives and positive suggestions. On the negative side, it cautions against the uncritical acceptance of the technology theory of victory. On the positive side, the book offers some hope that warfighters can find better ways to use their information technologies. A fundamental leadership challenge for organizations today is to develop an institutional support system that can both encourage user innovation and limit its liabilities. The chapter then sketches out a synthesis of top-down management and bottom-up adaptation which can be called adaptive management. It also discusses the strategic limits to adaptive management at the low and high ends of the conflict spectrum, which are exemplified by irregular warfare and nuclear warfighting, respectively. Cybersecurity, furthermore, is relevant across the spectrum because it uses information practice to protect or exploit information practice itself.

Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Prince Saprai
Keyword(s):  
Contract Theory ◽  
Contract Law ◽  
Main Argument ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Legal Doctrine ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
Philosophical Account ◽  
Central Claim ◽  
Normative Role

This chapter introduces the dominant philosophical account of contract law: the ‘promise theory’. According to the promise theory, promise plays a ‘foundational’ or special normative role in the justification of contract law rules and doctrines. This chapter explains that the book’s purpose is to debunk the promise theory and its foundationalist assumptions. It provides an overview of the main argument of the book, which relies on showing that the promise theory obscures or underplays the role that other values and normative concerns have in shaping contract law rules and doctrines. Contract law is the product of ‘normative pluralism’, and this chapter explains how that theme is approached in the book in the following three interrelated contexts: contract theory, legal doctrine, and transnational trends toward the harmonization of contract law. The central claim of the book is introduced as a plea to move away from a ‘top-down’ theory of contract law such as the promise theory and toward a distinctly republican or ‘bottom-up’ approach to contract law that focuses on justifying the legal rules and doctrines we find in particular jurisdictions at particular times.

Top-Down Processing and Visual Reorientation Illusions in a Virtual Reality Environment

2004 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 143-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred W. Mast ◽  
Charles M. Oman
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Line Length ◽  
Perceptual Cues ◽  
Virtual Reality Environment ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Processing Mechanisms

The role of top-down processing on the horizontal-vertical line length illusion was examined by means of an ambiguous room with dual visual verticals. In one of the test conditions, the subjects were cued to one of the two verticals and were instructed to cognitively reassign the apparent vertical to the cued orientation. When they have mentally adjusted their perception, two lines in a plus sign configuration appeared and the subjects had to evaluate which line was longer. The results showed that the line length appeared longer when it was aligned with the direction of the vertical currently perceived by the subject. This study provides a demonstration that top-down processing influences lower level visual processing mechanisms. In another test condition, the subjects had all perceptual cues available and the influence was even stronger.

Functional Anatomy of Intensity Aspects of Attention

2003 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Sturm
Keyword(s):  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Functional Anatomy ◽  
Fmri Data ◽  
Functional Networks ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Stimulus Modality ◽  
Spatial Orienting ◽  
Phasic Alertness ◽  
Co Activation ◽  
Attention System

Abstract: Behavioral and PET/fMRI-data are presented to delineate the functional networks subserving alertness, sustained attention, and vigilance as different aspects of attention intensity. The data suggest that a mostly right-hemisphere frontal, parietal, thalamic, and brainstem network plays an important role in the regulation of attention intensity, irrespective of stimulus modality. Under conditions of phasic alertness there is less right frontal activation reflecting a diminished need for top-down regulation with phasic extrinsic stimulation. Furthermore, a high overlap between the functional networks for alerting and spatial orienting of attention is demonstrated. These findings support the hypothesis of a co-activation of the posterior attention system involved in spatial orienting by the anterior alerting network. Possible implications of these findings for the therapy of neglect are proposed.

Auswirkungen eines Aufmerksamkeitstrainings auf die aphasische Symptomatik bei Schlaganfallpatienten

2011 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Graf ◽  
Hartwig Kulke ◽  
Christa Sous-Kulke ◽  
Wilfried Schupp ◽  
Stefan Lautenbacher
Keyword(s):  
Top Down

Aufmerksamkeit kann als Kontrollsystem neuronaler Aktivität verstanden werden, welches Neuroplastizität top-down modulieren hilft. Bisher wurde selten versucht, durch deren gezielte Förderung Funktionswiederherstellungen nach Hirnschädigung zu begünstigen. In vorliegender Studie wurde dies am Beispiel der Aphasie erprobt. 15 Schlaganfallpatienten erhielten ein dreiwöchiges Training der selektiven Aufmerksamkeit mit den PC-Programmen CogniPlus und „Konzentration“ bei fünf Sitzungen pro Woche zusätzlich zur Standardtherapie, 13 weitere bildeten eine Kontrollgruppe ohne Aufmerksamkeitstraining. Zur Effektivitätskontrolle dienten zwei Versionen des Untertests Go/Nogo (Testbatterie zur Aufmerksamkeitsprüfung) und die Kurze Aphasieprüfung. Nach dem Training manifestierte sich zwischen den Untersuchungsgruppen kein Unterschied in Aufmerksamkeits- und Sprachfunktionen; das zusätzliche Aufmerksamkeitstraining war also wirkungslos. Allerdings zeigten Patienten mit deutlichen Aufmerksamkeitsverbesserungen tendenziell weniger Aphasie-Symptome, was die Hypothese aufmerksamkeitsvermittelter Plastizitätsmodulation nach Hirnschädigung partiell stützt.

Aufmerksamkeitswechsel und Konzentration: Von den Funktionen zum Mechanismus

2001 ◽  
Vol 209 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer Bösel
Keyword(s):  
Top Down ◽  
Eeg Alpha

Zusammenfassung. Aufmerksamkeit wird sowohl als Selektivität in der bewußter Verarbeitung oder auch als selektive neuronale Aktivierung verstanden. Die neuronalen Strukturen, die Objektdiskrimination ermöglichen, erlauben eine Interaktion von datengetriebenen und endogenen top-down Prozessen, die zu einer selektiven Bereitstellung von Verarbeitungs-Ressourcen führen. Zielgerichtetes Verhalten erfordert manchmal einen Wechsel in der Ressourcen-Bereitstellung und eine Konzentration von mentaler Aktivität. Aufmerksamkeitswechsel kann als ein zweiphasiger Prozeß verstanden werden, der aus einer breiten Mobilisierung von Gedächtnis-Ressourcen besteht (angezeigt durch EEG-Theta), gefolgt von einer re-organisierenden Einengung neuronaler Aktivität (angezeigt durch langsames EEG-Alpha). Dieser Beitrag unterstützt die Annahme, daß die Analyse des gekoppelten Wechselspiels aus Mobilisierung und Konzentration in bestimmten Teilen der posterioren und anterioren Rindenregionen ein Schlüssel für das Verständnis von Aufmerksamkeitswechsel sein könnte.

Psychology and Culture: Top Down Versus Bottom Up?

PsycCRITIQUES ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 50 (19) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Cole
Keyword(s):  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up
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