scholarly journals Product Line Extension among New England Craft Breweries

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Berning ◽  
Michael McCullough
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Product Line ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Economic Environment ◽  
Brewing Industry ◽  
Product Lines ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
Line Extension ◽  
Competitive Nature ◽  
The U.S

The U.S. brewing industry was at a low point in the 1980s. Since that time, more than 4,000 new breweries of varying scales and scopes have entered the market. Given the rapid expansion in this industry, which involves large capital costs, it is useful to consider the competitive nature of individual firms. Using a sample of New England breweries, this study identifies several firm and geographic attributes that are linked to firms’ product offerings. We find that the breadth of product lines and nature of competition varies by brewery type and by the economic environment of the market.

People of Color and Equal Rights

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard D. Brown
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
Black Girls ◽  
Professional Standards ◽  
People Of Color ◽  
Free Blacks ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
Criminal Trials ◽  
Dred Scott ◽  
The U.S

In New England, if anywhere, equal rights might have included people of color. Free blacks comprised a small fraction of the population, and slave uprisings posed no threat. Yet in this region, as in others, racism prevailed. Discrimination in public business, including voting and education, was commonplace. But in criminal trials procedural safeguards and professional standards limited the effects of prejudice. Public opinion was not so restrained. And in rural New England vigilantes shut down New Hampshire’s racially integrated Noyes Academy and Prudence Crandall’s school for black girls in Connecticut. Connecticut banned schools like Crandall’s, she was jailed briefly, and the state’s supreme court denied equal rights for blacks, setting a precedent for the U.S. Supreme Court’s Dred Scott ruling.

scholarly journals Fragment-oriented programming: a framework to design and implement software product line domain components

DYNA ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 85 (207) ◽  
pp. 74-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Correa ◽  
Raúl Mazo ◽  
Gloria Lucia Giraldo Goméz
Keyword(s):  
Software Product Line ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Product Line ◽  
Software Systems ◽  
Software Components ◽  
Product Lines ◽  
Reusable Software ◽  
Software Products ◽  
Manual Intervention ◽  
Software Product

Software product lines facilitate the industrialization of software development. The main goal is to create a set of reusable software components for the rapid production of a software systems family. Many authors have proposed different approaches to design and implement the components of a product line. However, the construction and integration of these components continue to be a complex and time-consuming process. This paper introduces Fragment-oriented programming (FragOP), a framework to design and implement software product line domain components, and derive software products. FragOP is based on: (i) domain components, (ii) fragmentations points and (iii)fragments. FragOP was implemented in the VariaMos tool and using it we created a clothing stores software product line. We derivedfive different products, integrating automatically thousands of lines of code. On average, only three lines of code were manually modified;which provided preliminary evidence that using FragOP reduces manual intervention when integrating domain components.

scholarly journals The "Important Project": An Important Project of Pregnant, Obese Women

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wiberg-Itzel E ◽  
Keyword(s):  
England Journal ◽  
New England ◽  
Chinese Children ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Obese People ◽  
Cook Islands ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Small Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
The U.S

Obesity has reached nearly epidemic proportions [1,2]. Today, more people die from obesity-related ailments than from starvation [3]. Since 1980, world obesity has risen from 857 million to more than two billion people, according to a recent report in the Lancet. This means that almost one in three people on earth is fat. Egypt is one of the countries in the world with the most significant number of obese people. Here are 35.9% of the population obese, according to recent figures. The U.S comes close behind in the obesity league. Nearly 78 million people are obese, which means about 33% of the population. Small countries in the Pacific are also severely affected; Countries such as Nauru, Tonga, the Cook Islands, Niue, and Samoa, where up to 50% of the population is obese. The proportion of obesity among children is also steadily increasing. According to an article in the New England Journal in 2017, 15.3% of Chinese children are obese. The corresponding figures in the U.S. are 13%

scholarly journals The Business Cycle And Competition In The U.S. Brewing Industry

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig A. Gallet ◽  
Patricia J. Euzent
Keyword(s):  
Business Cycle ◽  
Font Size ◽  
Brewing Industry ◽  
Game Theoretic ◽  
Demand Fluctuations ◽  
The Business Cycle ◽  
The U.S

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt; tab-stops: 4.5pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Batang;">Recent game-theoretic models of cartel behavior assess the sustainability of cooperation in the presence of demand fluctuations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>Depending on the stochastic assumptions of demand, different outcomes are predicted.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>Accordingly, this paper investigates the effects of demand fluctuations on competition in the U.S. brewing industry.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>The results show that competition among brewers is greater during periods associated with significant negative shocks to demand, lower observed demand, lower expected future industry profit, and lower advertising.</span></span></span></p>

scholarly journals Feature Model Configuration Based on Two-Layer Modelling in Software Product Lines

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 2648
Author(s):  
Elham Darmanaki Farahani ◽  
Jafar Habibi
Keyword(s):  
Product Line ◽  
Feature Model ◽  
Functional Requirements ◽  
Product Lines ◽  
Software Products ◽  
Model Configuration ◽  
Software Product ◽  
Software And Hardware ◽  
Application Requirements

The aim of the Software Product Line (SPL) approach is to improve the software development process by producing software products that match the stakeholders’ requirements. One of the important topics in SPLs is the feature model (FM) configuration process. The purpose of configuration here is to select and remove specific features from the FM in order to produce the required software product. At the same time, detection of differences between application’s requirements and the available capabilities of the implementation platform is a major concern of application requirements engineering. It is possible that the implementation of the selected features of FM needs certain software and hardware infrastructures such as database, operating system and hardware that cannot be made available by stakeholders. We address the FM configuration problem by proposing a method, which employs a two-layer FM comprising the application and infrastructure layers. We also show this method in the context of a case study in the SPL of a sample E-Shop website. The results demonstrate that this method can support both functional and non-functional requirements and can solve the problems arising from lack of attention to implementation requirements in SPL FM selection phase.

Benthic Nepheloid Layers along the U.S. GEOTRACES GA03 Transect in the Western North Atlantic: Characterization and Influence on 230Th and 231Pa Cycling

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siyuan Sean Chen ◽  
Olivier Marchal ◽  
Paul Lerner ◽  
Daniel McCorkle ◽  
Michiel Rutgers van der Loeff
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Particle Concentration ◽  
Sediment Resuspension ◽  
Fine Sediments ◽  
Optical Instruments ◽  
Sensitivity Tests ◽  
Continental Slopes ◽  
Chemical Oceanography ◽  
Western Segment ◽  
The U.S

&lt;p&gt;Benthic nepheloid layers (BNLs) are particle-rich layers that can extend over a thousand meter or more above the seafloor and are thought to be produced by the resuspension of fine sediments from strong bottom currents. They can often be subdivided into two sublayers: (i) a lower sublayer in contact with the seabed, where particle concentrations are the largest and which roughly coincides with the bottom mixed layer (BML); and (ii) an upper sublayer in which particle concentration decreases up to a clear water minimum (CWM). Although BNLs have long been recognised in vertical traces of optical instruments lowered to abyssal depths, their influence on ocean biogeochemical cycles &amp;#8211; on the cycling of particle-reactive metals in particular &amp;#8211; remains poorly understood.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In this study, we characterize the BNLs observed between the New England continental shelf and Bermuda and explore their influence on the cycling of &lt;sup&gt;230&lt;/sup&gt;Th and &lt;sup&gt;231&lt;/sup&gt;Pa &amp;#8211; two naturally-occurring particle-reactive radionuclides that have found different applications in chemical oceanography and paleoceanography. To this end, we use concomitant measurements of temperature, salinity, particle concentration derived from light beam transmissometry, and &lt;sup&gt;230&lt;/sup&gt;Th and &lt;sup&gt;231&lt;/sup&gt;Pa activities in the dissolved and particulate fractions, which have been collected along the western segment of the U.S. GEOTRACES GA03 transect. We estimate that the thickness of strong BNLs (particle concentration &gt; 20 &amp;#181;g l&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;) varied from about 72 to 1358 m between different deep stations. At all stations, particle concentrations below the CWM were the highest in the BML, whose thickness ranged from 95 to 320 m, and decreased generally with height above the seafloor. A simplified model of particle-radionuclide cycling in the deep water column, which includes a particle source representing sediment resuspension at topographic reliefs and their subsequent lateral transport, is fitted to observed profiles of particle concentration and radionuclide activities at two selected stations. The model can reproduce simultaneously the increase of particle concentration with depth, the low dissolved activities in the BNLs, and the extremely large particulate activities near the bottom. Analysis of &lt;sup&gt;230&lt;/sup&gt;Th and &lt;sup&gt;231&lt;/sup&gt;Pa budgets reveals that the behaviour of both radionuclides in the BNL is fundamentally different from that envisioned in reversible exchange theory. Sensitivity tests with the model suggest that lateral particle sources near continental slopes and similar reliefs can produce significant biases in the paleoceanographic applications of both radionuclides, including the &lt;sup&gt;230&lt;/sup&gt;Th-normalization method and the interpretation of sediment &lt;sup&gt;231&lt;/sup&gt;Pa/&lt;sup&gt;230&lt;/sup&gt;Th records.&lt;/p&gt;

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