scholarly journals Sampled to Death? The Rise and Fall of Probability Sampling in Archaeology

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-60
Author(s):  
Edward B. Banning
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Research Design ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Critical Aspect ◽  
Regional Survey ◽  
Probability Sampling ◽  
Limited Sampling ◽  
Animal Remains ◽  
Training And Research

After a heyday in the 1970s and 1980s, probability sampling became much less visible in archaeological literature as it came under assault from the post-processual critique and the widespread adoption of “full-coverage survey.” After 1990, published discussion of probability sampling rarely strayed from sample-size issues in analyses of artifacts along with plant and animal remains, and most textbooks and archaeological training limited sampling to regional survey and did little to equip new generations of archaeologists with this critical aspect of research design. A review of the last 20 years of archaeological literature indicates a need for deeper and broader archaeological training in sampling; more precise usage of terms such as “sample”; use of randomization as a control in experimental design; and more attention to cluster sampling, stratified sampling, and nonspatial sampling in both training and research.

scholarly journals Effects of Social Distancing in Reducing the Spread of COVID-19 Pandemic: A Perspective of Bayelsan Residents in Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 264-267
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Research Design ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Corona Virus

This research work essentially explored the efficacy of social distancing in reducing the spread of corona virus disease (COVID-19) in Yenagoa metropolis. The objectives of this study were to examine the level of coronavirus disease and investigate whether social distancing have help reduce the spread of COVID-19 in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The research design used for this study is survey, the population targeted for this study consists of residents of Yenagoa. Four hundred (400) residents were used as sample size and cluster sampling technique was applied. Instrument used for this study is the questionnaire. Results showed that the level of coronavirus disease in Yenagoa metropolis was below average, and around 70% of respondents strongly agreed that social distancing can help reduce the spread of COVID-19. Following these findings, it is recommended that social distancing and other aseptic measures should be ensured. The study concludes that social distancing can help reduce the spread of COVID-19.

scholarly journals Keefektifan Solution Focused Brief Counseling (SFBC) untuk menurunkan perilaku prokrastinasi akademik siswa

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Kristiyaningrum Tri Kusumawide ◽  
Wahyu N. E. Saputra ◽  
Said Alhadi ◽  
Hardi Prasetiawan
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Research Design ◽  
Design Research ◽  
Sampling Design ◽  
Academic Procrastination ◽  
Probability Sampling ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Brief Counseling ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Solution Focused

<p class="Normal1">Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keefektifan <em>solution focused brief counseling (SFBC) </em>untuk menurunkan perilaku prokrastinasi akademik siswa di kelas khusus olahraga SMP Negeri 2 Galur Kulon Progo. Jenis penelitian yang digunaan adalah Eskperimen dengan desain penelitian <em>Pre-Eksperimental Design</em> menggunakan model <em>One group pretest posttest design</em>. Penentuan subjek menggunakan teknik <em>non probability sampling design</em> dengan <em>purposive sampling</em>. Subjek penelitian adalah siswa kelas khusus olahraga SMP Negeri 2 Galur Kulon Progo. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa ada perbedaan signifikan antara tingkat prokrastinasi akademik siswa sebelum dan sesudah diberikan layanan <em>solution focused brief counseling </em>(SFBC).</p><p class="Normal1" align="center"> <strong><em></em></strong></p><p class="Normal1" align="center"><strong><em>Abstract</em></strong><em></em></p><em>This study aims to determine the effectiveness of "solution focused brief counseling (SFBC)" to reduce the behavior of academic procrastination of students in the special sports class at Galur Negeri 2 Kulon Progo. Experiment with Pre-Experimental Design research design using One group pretest posttest design. Subjects are determined by using non probability sampling design with purposive sampling. The subjects of the study were students of the special sport class of JHS Negeri 2 Galur Kulon Progo. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that there are significant differences level of student academic procrastination between before and after being given solution services focused brief counseling (SFBC).</em>

MHealth Applications for People with Cognitive Impairment and Their Caregivers: A Scoping Review (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing Zhao ◽  
Pei Chen ◽  
Yu Zhang ◽  
Haining Liu ◽  
Xianwen Li
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Research Design ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Mobile Technologies ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Caregiver Support ◽  
The Impact

BACKGROUND Mobile health application has become an important tool for healthcare systems. One such tool is the delivery of assisting in people with cognitive impairment and their caregivers. OBJECTIVE This scoping review aims to explore and evaluate the existing evidence and challenges on the use of mHealth applications that assisting in people with cognitive impairment and their caregivers. METHODS Nine databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, PsycARTICLES, CINAHL, Web of Science, Applied Science & Technology Source, IEEE Xplore and the ACM Digital Library were searched from inception through June 2020 for the studies of mHealth applications on people with cognitive impairment and their caregivers. Two reviewers independently extracted, checked synthesized data independently. RESULTS Of the 6101 studies retrieved, 64 studies met the inclusion criteria. Three categories emerged from this scoping review. These categories are ‘application functionality’, ‘evaluation strategies’, ‘barriers and challenges’. All the included studies were categorized into 7 groups based on functionality: (1) cognitive assessment; (2) cognitive training; (3) life support; (4) caregiver support; (5) symptom management; (6) reminiscence therapy; (7) exercise intervention. The included studies were broadly categorized into four types: (1) Usability testing; (2) Pilot and feasibility studies; (3) Validation studies; and (4) Efficacy or Effectiveness design. These studies had many defects in research design such as: (1) small sample size; (2) deficiency in active control group; (3) deficiency in analyzing the effectiveness of intervention components; (4) lack of adverse reactions and economic evaluation; (5) lack of consideration about the education level, electronic health literacy and smartphone proficiency of the participants; (6) deficiency in assessment tool; (7) lack of rating the quality of mHealth application. Some progress should be improved in the design of smartphone application functionality, such as: (1) the design of cognitive measurements and training game need to be differentiated; (2) reduce the impact of the learning effect. Besides this, few studies used health behavior theory and performed with standardized reporting. CONCLUSIONS Preliminary results show that mobile technologies facilitate the assistance in people with cognitive impairment and their caregivers. The majority of mHealth application interventions incorporated usability outcome and health outcomes. However, these studies have many defects in research design that limit the extrapolation of research. The content of mHealth application is urgently improved to adapt to demonstrate the real effect. In addition, further research with strong methodological rigor and adequate sample size are needed to examine the feasibility, effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness of mHealth applications for people with cognitive impairment and their caregivers.

Experimental Design and Research Methodology in Aging: Implications for Research and Clinical Practice

1994 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 360-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wojtek J. Chodzko-Zajko
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Research Design ◽  
Research Methodology ◽  
Aging Process ◽  
Exercise Science ◽  
Health Literature ◽  
Experimental Gerontology

This paper presents a brief overview of some of the major issues associated with research design in experimental gerontology. The intention is not to provide a comprehensive and detailed guide to experimental design and research methods. Rather, the paper focuses on a more general discussion of several issues associated with the design, implementation, and interpretation of research in an attempt to illustrate why a rudimentary knowledge of these topics is essential for all researchers and practitioners involved in the study of the aging process. Wherever possible, specific examples from the exercise science and applied health literature are selected in order to illustrate the significance of these factors for our field of expertise.

scholarly journals W.S. Gosset and Some Neglected Concepts in Experimental Statistics: Guinnessometrics II

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 252-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen T. Ziliak
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Significant Advance ◽  
Economic Approach ◽  
Barley Malt ◽  
Level Of Significance

AbstractStudent's exacting theory of errors, both random and real, marked a significant advance over ambiguous reports of plant life and fermentation asserted by chemists from Priestley and Lavoisier down to Pasteur and Johannsen, working at the Carlsberg Laboratory. One reason seems to be that William Sealy Gosset (1876–1937) aka “Student” – he of Student'st-table and test of statistical significance – rejected artificial rules about sample size, experimental design, and the level of significance, and took instead an economic approach to the logic of decisions made under uncertainty. In his job as Apprentice Brewer, Head Experimental Brewer, and finally Head Brewer of Guinness, Student produced small samples of experimental barley, malt, and hops, seeking guidance for industrial quality control and maximum expected profit at the large scale brewery. In the process Student invented or inspired half of modern statistics. This article draws on original archival evidence, shedding light on several core yet neglected aspects of Student's methods, that is, Guinnessometrics, not discussed by Ronald A. Fisher (1890–1962). The focus is on Student's small sample, economic approach to real error minimization, particularly in field and laboratory experiments he conducted on barley and malt, 1904 to 1937. Balanced designs of experiments, he found, are more efficient than random and have higher power to detect large and real treatment differences in a series of repeated and independent experiments. Student's world-class achievement poses a challenge to every science. Should statistical methods – such as the choice of sample size, experimental design, and level of significance – follow the purpose of the experiment, rather than the other way around? (JEL classification codes: C10, C90, C93, L66)

scholarly journals Speculations on Quasi-Experimental Design in HIV/AIDS Prevention Research

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Donald T. Campbell ◽  
Beatrice J. Krauss
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Hiv Prevention ◽  
Research Design ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Experimental Designs ◽  
Prevention Research ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Aids Research ◽  
Speculative Discussion ◽  
Hiv Aids

This paper provides a speculative discussion on what quasi-experimental designs might be useful in various aspects of HIV/AIDS research. The first author’s expertise is in research design, not HIV, while the second author has been active in HIV prevention research. It is hoped that it may help the HIV/AIDS research community in discovering and inventing an expanded range of possibilities for valid causal inference. DOI:10.2458/azu_jmmss_v3i1_campbell

scholarly journals PERAN EFIKASI DIRI DAN MOTIVASI INTRINSIK TERHADAP RESILIENSI ORANGTUA DENGAN ANAK BERKEBUTUHAN KHUSUS PADA SEKOLAH LUAR BIASA (SLB) DI BALI

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (02) ◽  
pp. 347
Author(s):  
Ni Nyoman Tri Marheni Wulandari ◽  
Drs. Supriyadi
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Probability Sampling

Resiliensi adalah kemampuan seseorang untuk menilai, mengatasi, dan meningkatkan diri ataupun mengubah dirinya dari keterpurukan atau kesengsaraan dalam hidup yang membuat seseorang berhasil menyesuaikan diri dalam berhadapan dengan kondisi yang tidak menyenangkan. Kemampuan resiliensi dipengaruhi oleh keyakinan individu terhadap kemampuan yang dimiliki dalam menjalani suatu tugas. Di samping itu dorongan dari dalam diri individu untuk menjalani suatu tugas juga dapat mengembangkan kemampuan untuk beradaptasi dari keterpurukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat peran efikasi diri dan motivasi intrinsik terhadap resiliensi orangtua dengan anak berkebutuhan khusus pada Sekolah Luar Biasa (SLB) di Bali. Subjek penelitian ini adalah 78 orangtua dengan anak berkebutuhan khusus pada SLB di Bali. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan adalah two stage cluster sampling dalam probability sampling. Instrumen penelitian ini adalah skala resiliensi, skala efikasi diri dan skala motivasi intrinsik. Hasil yang diperoleh dari analisis regresi ganda menunjukkan nilai R=0,686 (p<0,05) dan koefisien determinasi sebesar 0,471, dengan demikian dapat disebutkan bahwa efikasi diri dan motivasi intrinsik secara bersama-sama berperan sebesar 47,1%  dalam menjelaskan varian resiliensi orangtua dengan anak berkebutuhan khusus. Koefisien beta efikasi diri sebesar 0,340 dan siginifikansi 0,008 (p<0,05) menunjukkan efikasi diri ,berperan terhadap resliensi. Koefisien beta motivasi intrinsik sebesar 0,473 dan signifikansi 0,000(p<0,05) menunjukkan motivasi intrinsik berperan dalam menjelaskan varian resiliensi. Hal ini menunjukkan setiap kenaikan 0,340 pada efikasi diri dan 0,473 pada motivasi intrinsik, terjadi peningkatan 1 poin pada resiliensi orangtua dengan anak berkebutuhan khusus pada SLB di Bali.   Kata Kunci: resiliensi, efikasi diri, motivasi intrinsik, orangtua dengan anak berkebutuhan khusus

scholarly journals Depression Levels Of Prisons In Class II A Correctional Institutions Bulukumba Regency

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 107-115
Author(s):  
Safruddin ◽  
Nurlina ◽  
Anel Ariansyah
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Research Design ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Mild Depression ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The People ◽  
The Impact

A depressive disorder is a serious mental problem characterized by feelings of anxiety and sadness. Depressive disorders have increased from year to year, where the total number of people living with depression in the world is 322 million, this is supported by WHO 2017 data. Generally, someone in a depressed state experiences feelings of sadness, anxiety, or emptiness, and the impact that is caused if depression is not treated immediately, it will have an impact on oneself such as low self-esteem, social isolation, and even suicide attempts. Besides that, it will also have an impact on the people around it. The purpose of this study is to know the description of the level of depression in prisoners in Class II A Penitentiary in Bulukumba Regency in 2020. The research design used in this study is a descriptive research design with a cross-sectional approach. The affordable population in this study were inmates with all cases totaling 194 people with a sample size of 85 respondents. The sampling technique using a systematic random sampling method selects a sample from the population systematically. Data were collected using a questionnaire sheet. Based on the results of the research conducted, it was shown that the frequency distribution of the level of depression of the 85 prisoner respondents experienced mild depression as many as 64 respondents (75.3%) then moderate depression was 14 respondents (16.5%) and 7 respondents (8.2%) were not depressed. In all cases, the depression level of prisoners in class II A prisons in Bulukumba district experienced mild depression. Researchers suggest that further the sample size can be added so that data collection is more accurate and can be linked to other variables that can cause depression

scholarly journals KANDUNGAN ZAT GIZI DAN DAYA TERIMA ES KRIM UBI JALAR UNGU PADA ANAK SEKOLA

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (25) ◽  
pp. 20-28
Author(s):  
Lina Novita Sari ◽  
Purbowati ◽  
Indri Mulyasari
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Probability Sampling

Latar belakang: Ubi ungu dapat diolah menjadi es krim yang banyak kandungan gizi dan disukai oleh anak-anak usia sekolah. Tujuan: Mengetahui kandungan zat gizi dan daya terima es krim ubi jalar ungu pada anak sekolah. Metode:Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian Pre Experimental Design dengan One-shot Case Study. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik Non Probability Sampling yaitu sebanyak 75 anak sekolah. Penelitian yang dilakukan yaitu dengan membuat variasi pencampuran penambahan ubi jalar ungu dan susu pada es krim untuk kemudian diuji daya terima dan uji kandungan zat gizi. Dilakukan perbandingan dari hasil daya terima terbaik diantara F1 : F2 : F3 menggunakan form uji skala hedonic. Pada es krim ubi jalar ungu F1 dilakukan uji kandungan gizi. Uji kandungan zat gizi energi dengan metode proksimalt, protein dengan metode Kjeldahl, serat dengan metode ADF, dan zat antosianin dengan metode Spektrophotometer. Analisis data penelitian menggunakan univariat. Hasil: Kandungan zat gizi dalam es krim ubi jalar ungu dengan F1 mengandung energi 263,698 kkal, protein 1,176%/100g, lemak 1,112%/100g, dan antosianin 0,0130%/100g. Daya terima anak sekolah paling baik yaitu pada es krim ubi jalar ungu dengan formula I, dengan perbandingan formula I : formula II : formula III = 81,3% : 72% : 61,3%. Simpulan: Kandungan energi, protein, dan serat dalam es krim ubi jalar ungu F1 masih belum memenuhi AKG, syarat makanan jajanan sehat terhadap konsumsi kebutuhan sehari siswa sebesar 30% energi dan 23.3% protein. sehingga perlu konsumsi jajanan sehat yang lain untuk memenuhi kebutuhan. Daya terima es krim ubi jalar ungu paling baik adalah pada F1.

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