scholarly journals Olfactory hallucinations elicited by electrical stimulation via subdural electrodes: Effects of direct stimulation of olfactory bulb and tract

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 264-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gogi Kumar ◽  
Csaba Juhász ◽  
Sandeep Sood ◽  
Eishi Asano
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Direct Stimulation ◽  
Subdural Electrodes ◽  
Stimulation Of

Electrical stimulation of retinal neurons in epiretinal and subretinal configuration using a multicapacitor array

2012 ◽  
Vol 107 (10) ◽  
pp. 2742-2755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Eickenscheidt ◽  
Martin Jenkner ◽  
Roland Thewes ◽  
Peter Fromherz ◽  
Günther Zeck
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Biophysical Model ◽  
Retinal Neurons ◽  
Direct Stimulation ◽  
Tungsten Electrode ◽  
Partial Restoration ◽  
Low Amplitude ◽  
Stimulation Of

Electrical stimulation of retinal neurons offers the possibility of partial restoration of visual function. Challenges in neuroprosthetic applications are the long-term stability of the metal-based devices and the physiological activation of retinal circuitry. In this study, we demonstrate electrical stimulation of different classes of retinal neurons with a multicapacitor array. The array—insulated by an inert oxide—allows for safe stimulation with monophasic anodal or cathodal current pulses of low amplitude. Ex vivo rabbit retinas were interfaced in either epiretinal or subretinal configuration to the multicapacitor array. The evoked activity was recorded from ganglion cells that respond to light increments by an extracellular tungsten electrode. First, a monophasic epiretinal cathodal or a subretinal anodal current pulse evokes a complex burst of action potentials in ganglion cells. The first action potential occurs within 1 ms and is attributed to direct stimulation. Within the next milliseconds additional spikes are evoked through bipolar cell or photoreceptor depolarization, as confirmed by pharmacological blockers. Second, monophasic epiretinal anodal or subretinal cathodal currents elicit spikes in ganglion cells by hyperpolarization of photoreceptor terminals. These stimuli mimic the photoreceptor response to light increments. Third, the stimulation symmetry between current polarities (anodal/cathodal) and retina-array configuration (epi/sub) is confirmed in an experiment in which stimuli presented at different positions reveal the center-surround organization of the ganglion cell. A simple biophysical model that relies on voltage changes of cell terminals in the transretinal electric field above the stimulation capacitor explains our results. This study provides a comprehensive guide for efficient stimulation of different retinal neuronal classes with low-amplitude capacitive currents.

Olfactory bulb potentials evoked by electrical stimulation of the contralateral bulb

1959 ◽  
Vol 196 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond R. Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
Evoked Potential ◽  
Plexiform Layer ◽  
Electrical Stimulus ◽  
Tetanic Stimulation ◽  
Granular Cells ◽  
Postsynaptic Potential ◽  
Stimulation Of

A single, short-duration electrical stimulus delivered to one olfactory bulb evokes a potential in the contralateral bulb. As recorded with a unipolar electrode, the potential is negative central to, and positive peripheral to the external plexiform layer. Bipolar recordings from multiple sites show that the potential is not actively propagated. The potential summates in response to tetanic stimulation and is blocked by anoxia and dimethyl ether d-tubocurarine. In addition to confirming the existence of an interolfactory bulb system, the electrophysiological evidence in conjunction with known anatomical relationships strongly suggests that the evoked potential is a postsynaptic potential of the internal granular cells.

Vesico-Urethral Electrical Stimulation with Surgically Implanted Devices

1993 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Simeone ◽  
T. Zanotelli ◽  
S. Cosciani-Cunico
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Experimental Research ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Clinical Results ◽  
Portable Devices ◽  
Detrusor Muscle ◽  
Direct Stimulation ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Implanted Devices ◽  
Stimulation Of

Good clinical results may be achieved with electrical stimulation in many fields of medicine. After a long period of experimental research, electrical stimulation has gained an important role in Urology too. Surgically implanted devices have been utilized only in recent years to cure neurogenic bladder, while external electrical stimulation with portable devices for female incontinence is well-defined in literature. Direct stimulation of detrusor muscle and sphincter was abandoned but, nowadays, selective neurostimulation seems to be very effective. In this paper, the most important surgical techniques are reviewed. Even if some of them are no longer used, knowledge of them is probably important to a better understanding of present results and future possibilities.

Induction of smell through transethmoid electrical stimulation of the olfactory bulb

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric H. Holbrook ◽  
Sidharth V. Puram ◽  
Reiner B. See ◽  
Aaron G. Tripp ◽  
Dinesh G. Nair
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Stimulation Of
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