scholarly journals Renal perivascular adipose tissue: Form and function

2018 ◽  
Vol 106 ◽  
pp. 37-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Baraldi A. Restini ◽  
Alex Ismail ◽  
Ramya K. Kumar ◽  
Robert Burnett ◽  
Hannah Garver ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Perivascular Adipose Tissue ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
Tissue Form

scholarly journals Age-Dependent and -Independent Effects of Perivascular Adipose Tissue and Its Paracrine Activities during Neointima Formation

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Schütz ◽  
Rajinikanth Gogiraju ◽  
Maria Pavlaki ◽  
Ioannis Drosos ◽  
George S. Georgiadis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Vascular Injury ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Aortic Tissue ◽  
Neointima Formation ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Perivascular Adipose Tissue ◽  
Independent Effects ◽  
And Function

Cardiovascular risk factors may act by modulating the composition and function of the adventitia. Here we examine how age affects perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) and its paracrine activities during neointima formation. Aortic tissue and PVAT or primary aortic smooth muscle cells from male C57BL/6JRj mice aged 52 weeks (“middle-aged”) were compared to tissue or cells from mice aged 16 weeks (“adult”). Vascular injury was induced at the carotid artery using 10% ferric chloride. Carotid arteries from the middle-aged mice exhibited smooth muscle de-differentiation and elevated senescence marker expression, and vascular injury further aggravated media and adventitia thickening. Perivascular transplantation of PVAT had no effect on these parameters, but age-independently reduced neointima formation and lumen stenosis. Quantitative PCR analysis revealed a blunted increase in senescence-associated proinflammatory changes in perivascular tissue compared to visceral adipose tissue and higher expression of mediators attenuating neointima formation. Elevated levels of protein inhibitor of activated STAT1 (PIAS1) and lower expression of STAT1- or NFκB-regulated genes involved in adipocyte differentiation, inflammation, and apoptosis/senescence were present in mouse PVAT, whereas PIAS1 was reduced in the PVAT of patients with atherosclerotic vessel disease. Our findings suggest that age affects adipose tissue and its paracrine vascular activities in a depot-specific manner. PIAS1 may mediate the age-independent vasculoprotective effects of perivascular fat.

scholarly journals To form and function: on the role of basement membrane mechanics in tissue development, homeostasis and disease

Open Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 200360
Author(s):  
Nargess Khalilgharibi ◽  
Yanlan Mao
Keyword(s):  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Membrane Mechanics ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
Tissue Form

The basement membrane (BM) is a special type of extracellular matrix that lines the basal side of epithelial and endothelial tissues. Functionally, the BM is important for providing physical and biochemical cues to the overlying cells, sculpting the tissue into its correct size and shape. In this review, we focus on recent studies that have unveiled the complex mechanical properties of the BM. We discuss how these properties can change during development, homeostasis and disease via different molecular mechanisms, and the subsequent impact on tissue form and function in a variety of organisms. We also explore how better characterization of BM mechanics can contribute to disease diagnosis and treatment, as well as development of better in silico and in vitro models that not only impact the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, but can also reduce the use of animals in research.

Alterations in perivascular adipose tissue structure and function in hypertension

2011 ◽  
Vol 656 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 68-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Lu ◽  
Li-Ying Su ◽  
Robert M.K.W. Lee ◽  
Yu-Jing Gao
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Tissue Structure ◽  
Perivascular Adipose Tissue ◽  
And Function

Preventing Engrailed-1 activation in fibroblasts yields wound regeneration without scarring

Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 372 (6540) ◽  
pp. eaba2374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shamik Mascharak ◽  
Heather E. desJardins-Park ◽  
Michael F. Davitt ◽  
Michelle Griffin ◽  
Mimi R. Borrelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Mechanical Strength ◽  
Transgenic Mouse ◽  
Mouse Models ◽  
Transgenic Mouse Models ◽  
Fibrotic Response ◽  
Mechanical Tension ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
Tissue Form

Skin scarring, the end result of adult wound healing, is detrimental to tissue form and function. Engrailed-1 lineage–positive fibroblasts (EPFs) are known to function in scarring, but Engrailed-1 lineage–negative fibroblasts (ENFs) remain poorly characterized. Using cell transplantation and transgenic mouse models, we identified a dermal ENF subpopulation that gives rise to postnatally derived EPFs by activating Engrailed-1 expression during adult wound healing. By studying ENF responses to substrate mechanics, we found that mechanical tension drives Engrailed-1 activation via canonical mechanotransduction signaling. Finally, we showed that blocking mechanotransduction signaling with either verteporfin, an inhibitor of Yes-associated protein (YAP), or fibroblast-specific transgenic YAP knockout prevents Engrailed-1 activation and promotes wound regeneration by ENFs, with recovery of skin appendages, ultrastructure, and mechanical strength. This finding suggests that there are two possible outcomes to postnatal wound healing: a fibrotic response (EPF-mediated) and a regenerative response (ENF-mediated).

scholarly journals Intrinsic circannual regulation of brown adipose tissue form and function in tune with hibernation

2014 ◽  
Vol 306 (3) ◽  
pp. E284-E299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allyson G. Hindle ◽  
Sandra L. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
Fatty Acid Binding ◽  
Regulatory Pathways ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
And Function

Winter hibernators repeatedly cycle between cold torpor and rewarming supported by nonshivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT). In contrast, summer animals are homeotherms, undergoing reproduction, growth, and fattening. This life history confers variability to BAT recruitment and activity. To address the components underlying prewinter enhancement and winter activation, we interrogated the BAT proteome in 13-lined ground squirrels among three summer and five winter states. We also examined mixed physiology in fall and spring individuals to test for ambient temperature and seasonal effects, as well as the timing of seasonal transitions. BAT form and function differ circannually in these animals, as evidenced by morphology and proteome dynamics. This intrinsic pattern distinguished homeothermic groups and early vs. late winter hibernators. Homeothermic variation derived from postemergence delay in growth and substrate biosynthesis. The heterothermic proteome varied less despite extreme winter physiological shifts and was optimized to exploit lipids by enhanced fatty acid binding, β-oxidation, and mitochondrial protein translocation. Surprisingly, ambient temperature did not affect the BAT proteome during transition seasons; rather, the pronounced summer-winter shift preceded environmental changes and phenotypic progression. During fall transition, differential regulation of two fatty acid binding proteins provides further evidence of recruitment and separates proteomic preparation from successful hibernation. Abundance of FABP4 correlates with torpor bout length throughout the year, clarifying its potential function in hibernation. Metabolically active BAT is a target for treating human obesity and metabolic disorders. Understanding the hibernator's extreme and seasonally distinct recruitment and activation control strategies offers untapped potential to identify novel, therapeutically relevant regulatory pathways.

scholarly journals Desmosomes Pattern Cell Mechanics to Govern Epidermal Tissue Form and Function

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Allen Broussard ◽  
Jennifer L. Koetsier ◽  
Kathleen J. Green
Keyword(s):  
Cell Mechanics ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Epidermal Tissue ◽  
And Function ◽  
Tissue Form

scholarly journals Perivascular adipose tissue: more than just structural support

2011 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodora Szasz ◽  
R. Clinton Webb
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Vascular Biology ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Perivascular Adipose Tissue ◽  
Structural Support ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Obesity Hypertension ◽  
And Function

PVAT (perivascular adipose tissue) has recently been recognized as a novel factor in vascular biology, with implications in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease. Composed mainly of adipocytes, PVAT releases a wide range of biologically active molecules that modulate vascular smooth muscle cell contraction, proliferation and migration. PVAT exerts an anti-contractile effect in various vascular beds which seems to be mediated by an as yet elusive PVRF [PVAT-derived relaxing factor(s)]. Considerable progress has been made on deciphering the nature and mechanisms of action of PVRF, and the PVRFs proposed until now are reviewed here. However, complex pathways seem to regulate PVAT function and more than one mechanism is probably responsible for PVAT actions in vascular biology. The present review describes our current knowledge on the structure and function of PVAT, with a focus on its role in modulating vascular tone. Potential involvements of PVAT dysfunction in obesity, hypertension and atherosclerosis will be highlighted.

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